General characteristics of participants with or without dynapenia in Korean older adults with diabetes
| Characteristics | Male | Female | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without dynapenia (n=677) | With dynapenia (n=183) | P-value | Without dynapenia (n=593) | With dynapenia (n=316) | P-value | ||||||
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 35.7±0.2 | 23.6±0.3 | <0.001 | 22.6±0.1 | 14.6±0.2 | <0.001 | |||||
| Age (y) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| ≥80 | 41 | 5.7 (0.8) | 45 | 23.5 (3.2) | 54 | 10.6 (1.5) | 102 | 35.5 (3.2) | |||
| 75–79 | 151 | 21.3 (1.8) | 64 | 35.7 (4.1) | 155 | 29.0 (2.3) | 91 | 33.3 (3.1) | |||
| 70–74 | 234 | 33.2 (2.0) | 47 | 26.1 (3.5) | 197 | 29.6 (2.1) | 70 | 17.7 (2.2) | |||
| 65–69 | 251 | 39.7 (2.2) | 27 | 14.7 (2.8) | 187 | 30.8 (2.2) | 53 | 13.6 (1.9) | |||
| Education: ≤middle school graduate | 368 | 52.4 (2.2) | 122 | 67.2 (3.9) | 0.002 | 510 | 85.3 (1.8) | 291 | 92.5 (1.6) | 0.005 | |
| Employment: no | 390 | 57.0 (2.3) | 133 | 76.1 (3.4) | <0.001 | 446 | 74.5 (2.2) | 259 | 82.2 (2.5) | 0.028 | |
| Household income | 0.058 | 0.004 | |||||||||
| Lowest quintile | 258 | 36.2 (2.0) | 90 | 47.6 (4.2) | 273 | 45.5 (2.3) | 184 | 58.8 (3.3) | |||
| Middle | 365 | 55.3 (2.0) | 86 | 47.2 (4.4) | 281 | 48.0 (2.3) | 117 | 36.3 (3.2) | |||
| Highest quintile | 54 | 8.5 (1.3) | 7 | 5.2 (2.1) | 39 | 6.5 (1.2) | 15 | 4.9 (1.3) | |||
| Spouse: no | 88 | 11.7 (1.3) | 30 | 14.6 (2.6) | 0.286 | 300 | 53.9 (2.4) | 171 | 58.4 (3.1) | 0.245 | |
| Living alone: yes | 87 | 11.3 (1.3) | 29 | 14.3 (2.6) | 0.264 | 187 | 29.0 (2.1) | 106 | 28.4 (2.9) | 0.860 | |
| Diabetes | |||||||||||
| Insulin treatment: yes | 35 | 5.8 (1.1) | 11 | 6.3 (2.1) | 0.824 | 31 | 5.2 (1.0) | 16 | 4.7 (1.3) | 0.786 | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 137.3±1.6 | 135.1±3.7 | 0.580 | 132.6±1.6 | 130.7±2.4 | 0.530 | |||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.06±0.05 | 6.97±0.10 | 0.430 | 7.07±0.05 | 7.05±0.08 | 0.878 | |||||
| Medical history | |||||||||||
| Cancer | 83 | 11.9 (1.5) | 20 | 10.9 (2.6) | 0.728 | 49 | 8.8 (1.4) | 25 | 6.7 (1.6) | 0.351 | |
| Ischemic heart disease | 74 | 11.1 (1.4) | 27 | 14.5 (2.8) | 0.238 | 48 | 7.3 (1.2) | 31 | 7.2 (1.4) | 0.990 | |
| Stroke | 56 | 8.0 (1.1) | 31 | 17.1 (3.2) | 0.001 | 41 | 8.8 (1.6) | 39 | 11.3 (1.9) | 0.314 | |
| Medication treatment | |||||||||||
| Hypertension | 442 | 65.9 (2.1) | 117 | 65.8 (3.9) | 0.974 | 426 | 72.5 (2.0) | 234 | 73.4 (2.8) | 0.801 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 225 | 33.6 (2.1) | 37 | 20.9 (3.4) | 0.005 | 290 | 47.3 (2.3) | 120 | 36.1 (3.4) | 0.008 | |
| Arthritis | 39 | 5.6 (1.1) | 13 | 6.3 (1.9) | 0.717 | 128 | 20.6 (1.9) | 73 | 21.2 (2.5) | 0.827 | |
| Stress: yes | 70 | 11.0 (1.5) | 33 | 15.9 (2.8) | 0.101 | 107 | 18.3 (1.8) | 71 | 20.4 (2.6) | 0.497 | |
| Smoking: current smoker | 136 | 18.4 (1.6) | 42 | 22.5 (3.7) | 0.277 | 15 | 2.7 (0.7) | 6 | 1.4 (0.6) | 0.179 | |
| Alcohol drinking: ≥1/mo | 413 | 61.2 (2.2) | 85 | 45.0 (4.2) | 0.001 | 104 | 17.1 (1.6) | 39 | 11.1 (1.9) | 0.022 | |
| Regular aerobic exercise: no | 400 | 58.2 (2.2) | 140 | 76.7 (3.5) | <0.001 | 415 | 69.9 (2.2) | 255 | 80.0 (2.7) | 0.006 | |
| Resistance exercise: <2/wk | 473 | 67.8 (2.1) | 164 | 89.8 (2.4) | <0.001 | 538 | 91.1 (1.3) | 303 | 95.2 (1.6) | 0.074 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.7±0.1 | 23.6±0.3 | 0.001 | 25.3±0.2 | 24.9±0.2 | 0.105 | |||||
| Unintentional weight loss: ≥3 kg/y | 75 | 11.9 (1.5) | 33 | 19.1 (3.5) | 0.034 | 72 | 13.6 (1.6) | 50 | 16.2 (2.4) | 0.356 | |
| Chewing discomfort | 263 | 36.6 (2.0) | 96 | 49.6 (4.2) | 0.004 | 234 | 38.8 (2.3) | 143 | 44.6 (3.3) | 0.136 | |
| Eating alone | 88 | 14.4 (1.7) | 28 | 17.3 (3.3) | 0.411 | 159 | 25.9 (2.0) | 92 | 37.2 (3.3) | 0.723 | |
| Daily calorie intake (kcal) | 1,956±34 | 1,660±48 | <0.001 | 1,420±25 | 1,315±43 | 0.005 | |||||
| Protein intake (g/weight-kg) | 0.98±0.02 | 0.89±0.03 | 0.021 | 0.80±0.02 | 0.74±0.03 | 0.071 | |||||
Data are expressed as the estimated mean±standard error, or unweighted frequency, estimated percentage (standard error), as appropriate.
P-values are those of Student’s t-tests for means, or chi-square test for proportions.
HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.