Korean J Fam Pract. 2017; 7(6): 933-940  https://doi.org/10.21215/kjfp.2017.7.6.933
Comparison Study of Working Pattern and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults: Using the 2011-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Eun Seo Nam1 , Yeseul Kim2,*, Yeong Shin Kim1
1Department of Family Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; 2Department of Family Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
Yeseul Kim
Tel: +82-31-900-0697, Fax: +82-303-3448-7135
E-mail: yesul86@nhimc.or.kr
Received: July 11, 2017; Revised: October 17, 2017; Accepted: October 19, 2017; Published online: December 20, 2017.
© The Korean Academy of Family Medicine. All rights reserved.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background: Shift work, particularly night shifts are known to be associated with an increased risk of chronic disease including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, gastrointestinal disorders, and/or cancer. We aimed to evaluate the association between shift work including the night shift, and the components of metabolic syndrome in adult Korean workers. We divided our study subjects into a day-work, and a night & shift work group. Factors affecting metabolic syndrome were investigated in each group after classifying these as work-related, sociodemographic, health-behavior-related, and psychological factors.
Methods: This study included 7,290 workers (day workers: 6,075, night and shift workers: 1,215). We performed propensity score matching in our study sample and obtained data from a health survey, as well as health examinations using the 2011–2014 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
Results: Using logistic regression analysis, we determined that the odds ratio of subjects with metabolic syndrome among the night & shift workers compared to against day workers was 1.219 (95% confidence interval 1.059–1.403). Using logistic regression analysis, we could demonstrate that among day workers, male sex, a manual work job, and exercise were factors that were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (P<0.05). Among night and shift workers, the daily working status, male sex, and a part-time job were factors that were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (P<0.05).
Conclusion: We conclude that not only the work pattern, but work-related factors (occupation, working status, among others) show an association with metabolic syndrome.
Keywords: Working Pattern; Manual Worker; Daily Working Status; Day Worker; Night and Shift Worker; Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome; Work-Related Factors; Factors Affecting on Metabolic Syndrome
References
  1. Parent-Thirion A, Fernández Macías E, Hurley J, Vermeylen G. Fourth European Working Conditions Survey. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions; 2007.
  2. Monk TH. Shift work. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000. p. 471-6.
  3. Costa G. The impact of shift and night work on health. Appl Ergon 1996; 27:9-16.
    CrossRef
  4. Knutsson A. Health disorders of shift workers. Occup Med (Lond) 2003; 53:103-8.
    CrossRef
  5. Karlsson B, Knutsson A, Lindahl B. Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27,485 people. Occup Environ Med 2001; 58; 747-52.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  6. Sookoian S, Gemma C, Fernández Gianotti T, Burgueño A, Alvarez A, González CD, et al. Effects of rotating shift work on biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and inflammation. J Intern Med 2007; 261; 285-92.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  7. Esquirol Y, Bongard V, Mabile L, Jonnier B, Soulat JM, Perret B. Shift work and metabolic syndrome: respective impacts of job strain, physical activity, and dietary rhythms. Chronobiol Int 2009; 26: 544-59.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  8. De Bacquer D, Van Risseghem M, Clays E, Kittel F, De Backer G, Braeckman L. Rotating shift work and the metabolic syndrome: a prospective study. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 38: 848-54.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  9. Pietroiusti A, Neri A, Somma G, Coppeta L, Iavicoli I, Bergamaschi A, et al. Incidence of metabolic syndrome among night shift health care workers. Occup Environ Med 2010; 67: 54-7.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  10. Yu KH, Yi YH, Kim YJ, Cho BM, Lee SY, Lee JG, et al. Shift work is associated with metabolic syndrome in young female Korean workers. Korean J Fam Med 2017; 38: 51-6.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  11. Puttonen S, Viitasalo K, Härmä M. The relationship between current and former shift work and the metabolic syndrome. Scand J Work Environ Health 2012; 38: 343-8.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  12. Park H. The effects of shift work and hours of sleep on metabolic syndrome in Korean workers. Korean J Occup Health Nurs 2016; 25: 96-107.
    CrossRef
  13. Depner CM, Stothard ER, Wright KP Jr. Metabolic consequences of sleep and circadian disorders. Curr Diab Rep 2014; 14: 507.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  14. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005; 112: 2735-52.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  15. Lee SY, Park HS, Kim DJ, Han JH, Kim SM, Cho GJ, et al. Appropriate waist circumference cutoff points for central obesity in Korean adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 75: 72-80.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  16. D'Agostino RB Jr. Propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a non-randomized control group. Stat Med 1998;17: 2265-81.
    CrossRef
  17. Bøggild H, Suadicani P, Hein HO, Gyntelberg F. Shift work, social class, and ischaemic heart disease in middle aged and elderly men; a 22 year follow up in the Copenhagen Male Study. Occup Environ Med 1999; 56: 640-5.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  18. Scott AJ, LaDou J. Health and safety in shift workers. In: Zenz C, Dickerson OB, Horvath EP, editors. Occupational medicine. St Louis, MO: Mosby;1994. p. 960-86.
  19. Harrington JM. Shift work and health : a critical review of the literature. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office; 1978.
  20. Segawa K, Nakazawa S, Tsukamoto Y, Kurita Y, Goto H, Fukui A, et al. Peptic ulcer is prevalent among shift workers. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32: 449-53.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  21. Niedhammer I, Lert F, Marne MJ. Prevalence of overweight and weight gain in relation to night work in a nurses' cohort. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996; 20: 625-33.
    Pubmed
  22. Koller M, Kundi M, Cervinka R. Field studies of shift work at an Austrian oil refinery. I: health and psychosocial wellbeing of workers who drop out of shiftwork. Ergonomics 1978; 21: 835-47.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  23. Goldbacher EM, Matthews KA. Are psychological characteristics related to risk of the metabolic syndrome? A review of the literature. Ann Behav Med 2007; 34: 240-52.
    CrossRef
  24. Hartley TA, Knox SS, Fekedulegn D, Barbosa-Leiker C, Violanti JM, Andrew ME, et al. Association between depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome in police officers: results from two cross-sectional studies. J Environ Public Health 2012; 2012: 8619.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  25. Laudisio A, Marzetti E, Pagano F, Pozzi G, Bernabei R, Zuccalà G. Depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome: selective association in older women. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2009; 22: 215-22.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  26. Theorell T, Akerstedt T. Day and night work: changes in cholesterol, uric acid, glucose and potassium in serum and in circadian patterns of urinary catecholamine excretion. A longitudinal cross-over study of railway workers. Acta Med Scand 1976; 200: 47-53.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  27. Nagaya T, Yoshida H, Takahashi H, Kawai M. Markers of insulin resistance in day and shift workers aged 30-59 years. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2002; 75: 562-8.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  28. Hampton SM, Morgan LM, Lawrence N, Anastasiadou T, Norris F, Deacon S, et al. Postprandial hormone and metabolic responses in simulated shift work. J Endocrinol 1996; 151: 259-67.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  29. Ribeiro DC, Hampton SM, Morgan L, Deacon S, Arendt J. Altered postprandial hormone and metabolic responses in a simulated shift work environment. J Endocrinol 1998; 158: 305-10.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  30. Brage S, Wedderkopp N, Ekelund U, Franks PW, Wareham NJ, Andersen LB, et al. Features of the metabolic syndrome are associated with objectively measured physical activity and fitness in Danish children: the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS). Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2141-8.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  31. Jurca R, Lamonte MJ, Church TS, Earnest CP, Fitzgerald SJ, Barlow CE, et al. Association of muscle strength and fitness with metabolic syndrome in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 1301-7.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  32. Anton SD, Duncan GE, Limacher MC, Martin AD, Perri MG. How much walking is needed to improve cardiorespiratory fitness? An examination of the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Res Q Exerc Sport 2011; 82: 365-70.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  33. Gregg EW, Gerzoff RB, Caspersen CJ, Williamson DF, Narayan KM. Relationship of walking to mortality among US adults with diabetes. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1440-7.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  34. Smith MR, Eastman CI. Shift work: health, performance and safety problems, traditional countermeasures, and innovative management strategies to reduce circadian misalignment. Nat Sci Sleep 2012; 4: 111-32.
    Pubmed KoreaMed
  35. Knutsson A, Bøggild H. Shiftwork and cardiovascular disease: review of disease mechanisms. Rev Environ Health 2000; 15: 359-72.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  36. Choi SY, Kim HS, Kim TH, Park DH. A study on job stress and musculoskeletal disorders of workers at automobile manufacturing industry. J Korean Soc Saf 2005; 202-11.
    KoreaMed
  37. Park J, Kweon S, Kim Y, Jang MJ, Oh K. Dietary behaviors related to metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Korean J Community Nutr 2012; 17: 66475.
    CrossRef

This Article


Services
Social Network Service

e-submission

Archives