Korean J Fam Pract. 2018; 8(3): 359-363  https://doi.org/10.21215/kjfp.2018.8.3.359
Association between Blood Presure and Urinary Sodium in Korean Adults
Won-Chul Yang*, Byung-Du Kang, Sang-Eun Yu, Joung-Hwan Kim, Jae-Yeol Ryu
Department of Family Medicine, Serim Hospital, Incheon, Korea
Won-Chul Yang
Tel: +82-2-536-0740, Fax: +82-2-536-0740
E-mail: ethernhunt@hanmail.net
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5759-985X
Received: May 11, 2017; Accepted: July 26, 2017; Published online: June 20, 2018.
© The Korean Academy of Family Medicine. All rights reserved.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background: Hypertension, one of the most prevalent diseases in Korean adults, can cause stroke and other cardiovascular diseases that could be fatal. Although sodium is recognized as a risk factor for hypertension, the current salt intake among Koreans is relatively high. We examined the relationship between blood pressure and urinary sodium levels in the general Korean population.
Methods: We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2014 and 2015 and included 5,898 participants in our study. Patients were divided into 5 groups based on SBP and DBP readings: ≥150 mmHg, 140–149 mmHg, 130–139 mmHg, 120–129 mmHg, and <120 mmHg. We evaluated the participants based on sex; age; body mass index; and glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the association between urinary sodium and blood pressure. We calculated the odds ratios (ORs) for the urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratio.
Results: Urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratios showed a correlation with SBP (r=0.228, P<0.0001) and DBP (r=0.075, P<0.0001). ORs (95% confidence intervals [CI]) for the urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratio after adjustment were 1.00, 1.207 (95% CI, 0.991–1.469), 1.277 (95% CI, 1.00–1.632), 1.399 (95% CI, 1.015–1.927), and 2.89 (95% CI, 1.933–4.323) for the five SBP (DBP) groups and 1.00, 1.05 (95% CI, 0.669–1.646), 1.132 (95% CI, 0.72–1.78), 1.415 (95% CI, 0.89–2.25), and 1.407 (95% CI, 0.829–2.39) for the five SBP (DBP) groups, respectively.
Conclusion: Higher SBP was independently associated with a higher urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratio, which indicates an individual’s dietary sodium intake.
Keywords: Sodium; Hypertension; Diet
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