Korean J Fam Pract. 2018; 8(4): 550-556  https://doi.org/10.21215/kjfp.2018.8.4.550
Relationship between Serum Vitamin D and Smoking in Korean Male Aged 50 and Over: Analysis of Data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2012
Jung Eun Kim, You Hyun Song, Jung Hae Moon, Ji Young Lee, Jun Ho Choi, Yoon Joo Jo, Soo Kyung Yang, Hee Cheol Kang*
Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Hee Cheol Kang Tel: +82-2-2228-2332, Fax: +82-2-362-2473 E-mail: kanghc@yuhs.ac ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0309-7448
Received: July 4, 2017; Revised: October 16, 2017; Accepted: October 22, 2017; Published online: August 20, 2018.
© The Korean Academy of Family Medicine. All rights reserved.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background: The relationship between smoking and vitamin D status has been investigated in several studies. However, previous studies have shown conflicting results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of smoking status with serum vitamin D in Korean men aged 50 years and older.
Methods: Korean men aged 50 years and older who participated in the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2012, n=2,256) were included in our analysis. The subjects were categorized into current, former, and non-smoker groups based on smoking status, and the general characteristics of each group were analyzed. The current smoker group was divided into four subgroups based on the number of cigarettes smoked per day, smoking duration (years), and measured serum vitamin D levels.
Results: The means of vitamin D concentrations (ng/mL) were 19.77 (standard error [SE]=0.46), 19.59 (SE=0.24), and 18.78 (SE=0.33) for non-smokers, former smokers, and current smokers, respectively. After adjustments for multiple confounders (age, education status, occupation, physical activity, body mass index, self-reported hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease), vitamin D concentrations decreased by 1.11 (P for trend 0.032) from non- to current smokers.
Conclusion: Vitamin D concentrations were lower in current smokers than non-smokers. However, the association did not show a dose–response pattern.
Keywords: Vitamin D; Smoking Status; Occupation; Cross-Sectional Analysis; Health Survey
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