Korean J Fam Pract 2019; 9(2): 216-223  https://doi.org/10.21215/kjfp.2019.9.2.216
The Relationship between Coffee and Green Tea Consumption and C-Reactive Protein in Korean Men and Women: Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-2016
Joo Hyun Park1, Young Sung Kim2,*, Hanul Chong1, Hye Jun Lee1, Sung Bae Park2
1Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; 2Department of Family Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
Young Sung Kim, Tel: +82-31-900-0433, Fax: +82-31-900-0340, E-mail: target91@naver.com, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4990-3783
Received: July 30, 2018; Revised: September 30, 2018; Accepted: October 17, 2018; Published online: April 20, 2019.
© The Korean Academy of Family Medicine. All rights reserved.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is known as a strong predictor of cardiovascular risk compared with several other inflammatory markers. Coffee and green tea components, such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and polyphenol are known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coffee and green tea consumption and CRP levels in Korean adults.
Methods: The study included 3,031 people who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, sixth (2015) and seventh year (2016). In order to analyze the characteristics according to coffee and green tea consumption, continuous variables were presented as mean and standard error, and analysis of variance was performed. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to confirm the correlation between coffee and green tea consumption and CRP levels.
Results: There was no significant correlation between coffee consumption and CRP level. In case of green tea consumption, the correlation was not significant in women. The regression coefficients and standard errors were -0.26 (-0.51 to -0.01) with the consumption of one cup or less, -0.40 (-1.06 to 0.25) with the consumption of two cups, and -0.55 (-0.89 to -0.20) with the consumption of three cups or more in men, demonstrating a decrease in CRP levels with an increase in green tea consumption.
Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between coffee consumption and serum CRP levels in Korean adults. Serum CRP levels decreased significantly as the intake increased among men who consumed green tea compared with the men in the control group.
Keywords: Coffee; Green Tea; C-Reactive Protein; Anti-Inflammatories; Anti-Oxidants
References
  1. Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM. C-reactive protein: a critical update. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 1805-12.
    CrossRef
  2. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO 3rd, Criqui M, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2003; 107: 499-511.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  3. Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 2002; 420: 860-7.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  4. Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, Lennon L, Thomson A, Appleby P, et al. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses. BMJ 2000; 321: 199-204.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  5. Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 1111-9.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  6. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 836-43.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  7. Chang WC, Chen CH, Lee MF, Chang T, Yu YM. Chlorogenic acid attenuates adhesion molecules upregulation in IL-1beta-treated endothelial cells. Eur J Nutr 2010; 49: 267-75.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  8. Sato Y, Itagaki S, Kurokawa T, Ogura J, Kobayashi M, Hirano T, et al. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Int J Pharm 2011; 403: 136-8.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  9. Higdon JV, Frei B. Coffee and health: a review of recent human research. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006; 46: 101-23.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  10. Loftfield E, Freedman ND, Graubard BI, Guertin KA, Black A, Huang WY, et al. Association of coffee consumption with overall and cause-specific mortality in a large US prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 182:1010-22.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  11. Maki T, Pham NM, Yoshida D, Yin G, Ohnaka K, Takayanagi R, et al. The relationship of coffee and green tea consumption with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Japanese men and women. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48:849-54.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  12. Kotani K, Tsuzaki K, Sano Y, Maekawa M, Fujiwara S, Hamada T, et al. The relationship between usual coffee consumption and serum C-reactive protein level in a Japanese female population. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46:1434-7.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  13. Hertog MG, Kromhout D, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, Fidanza F, et al. Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 381-6.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  14. Cabrera C, Artacho R, Giménez R. Beneficial effects of green tea--a review. J Am Coll Nutr 2006; 25: 79-99.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  15. Serban C, Sahebkar A, Antal D, Ursoniu S, Banach M. Effects of supplementation with green tea catechins on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition 2015; 31: 1061-71.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  16. Steptoe A, Gibson EL, Vuononvirta R, Hamer M, Wardle J, Rycroft JA, et al. The effects of chronic tea intake on platelet activation and inflammation: a double-blind placebo controlled trial. Atherosclerosis 2007; 193: 277-82.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  17. Koutelidakis AE, Rallidis L, Koniari K, Panagiotakos D, Komaitis M, Zampelas A, et al. Effect of green tea on postprandial antioxidant capacity, serum lipids, C-reactive protein and glucose levels in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53: 479-86.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  18. Basu A, Du M, Sanchez K, Leyva MJ, Betts NM, Blevins S, et al. Green tea minimally affects biomarkers of inflammation in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. Nutrition 2011; 27: 206-13.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  19. Choun JK, Paek YJ, Byun JS, Park KH, Song HJ, Cho JJ. The association between C-reactive protein and smoking characteristics among Korean men. J Korean Acad Fam Med 2005; 26: 621-8.
  20. Hwang JS, Lee SH, Park HS. The association between C-reactive protein and obesity among Korean men. J Korean Acad Fam Med 2003; 24: 68-63.
  21. Lee JU, Paek YJ. The relationship between reduced lung function and high sensitive C-reactive protein in healthy adult men. J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007; 28: 860-6.
  22. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-3). Osong: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2015.
  23. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-1). Osong: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016.
  24. Visser M, Bouter LM, McQuillan GM, Wener MH, Harris TB. Elevated Creactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA 1999; 282:2131-5.
    Pubmed CrossRef


This Article

e-submission

Archives