Korean J Fam Pract 2019; 9(4): 341-346  https://doi.org/10.21215/kjfp.2019.9.4.341
Relationship between Obesity and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations
Seon-Jeong Kim, Moon-Chan Kim*, Dae-Young Kim, Jeong-Ho Kim, Hye-A Hwang
Department of Family Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
Moon-chan Kim
Tel: +82-52-250-7000, Fax: +82-52-250-7725
E-mail: doc43327@uuh.ulsan.kr
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0360-0947
Received: July 30, 2018; Revised: March 19, 2019; Accepted: July 5, 2019; Published online: August 20, 2019.
© The Korean Academy of Family Medicine. All rights reserved.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D has been known to play an important role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. It has also been implicated in diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and immune diseases. Several cross-sectional studies conducted worldwide have found that vitamin D is negatively correlated with obesity. In Korea, however, the results of similar studies were found to be inconsistent.
Methods: The study consisted of 585 adults over 18 years of age, who visited a health promotion center at a university hospital from March, 2015 to February, 2016 and their serum vitamin D levels were recorded. They were divided into two groups according to their sex. The correlation coefficients were calculated using Pearson correlation analysis between obesity and vitamin D. Finally, subjects with vitamin D levels less than <20 ng/mL were classified as deficient. Bivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratio of vitamin D deficiency.
Results: We observed a significant negative correlation between obesity and vitamin D (P<0.05) among the women but not in the men. The following are the details of the findings: ≥25 in body mass index (model 3 adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59–10.67), ≥85 cm in waist circumference (model 3 adjusted OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.02–4.01), ≥30% in body fat (model 3 adjusted OR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.17–4.62).
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, we suggest that obesity and vitamin D are negatively correlated and that obesity in women predisposes them to vitamin D deficiency.
Keywords: Obesity; Body Mass Index; Fat Body; Vitamin D
References
  1. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 266-81.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  2. Manousopoulou A, Al-Daghri NM, Garbis SD, Chrousos GP. Vitamin D and cardiovascular risk among adults with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45: 1113-26.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  3. Strange RC, Shipman KE, Ramachandran S. Metabolic syndrome: a review of the role of vitamin D in mediating susceptibility and outcome. World J Diabetes 2015; 6: 896-911.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  4. Merlino LA, Curtis J, Mikuls TR, Cerhan JR, Criswell LA, Saag KG; Iowa Women's Health Study. Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 72-7.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  5. Gandini S, Boniol M, Haukka J, Byrnes G, Cox B, Sneyd MJ, et al. Metaanalysis of observational studies of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal, breast and prostate cancer and colorectal adenoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 1414-24.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  6. Lips P, Hosking D, Lippuner K, Norquist JM, Wehren L, Maalouf G, et al. The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy amongst women with osteoporosis: an international epidemiological investigation. J Intern Med 2006; 260: 245-54.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  7. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea health statistics 2010: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1). Osong: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011.
  8. Blumberg JM, Tzameli I, Astapova I, Lam FS, Flier JS, Hollenberg AN. Complex role of the vitamin D receptor and its ligand in adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 11205-13.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  9. Lagunova Z, Porojnicu AC, Lindberg F, Hexeberg S, Moan J. The dependency of vitamin D status on body mass index, gender, age and season. Anticancer Res 2009; 29: 3713-20.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  10. Samuel L, Borrell LN. The effect of body mass index on adequacy of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2006. Ann Epidemiol 2014; 24: 781-4.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  11. Mai XM, Chen Y, Camargo CA Jr, Langhammer A. Cross-sectional and prospective cohort study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and obesity in adults: the HUNT study. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175: 1029-36.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  12. Visser M, Deeg DJ, Puts MT, Seidell JC, Lips P. Low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older persons and the risk of nursing home admission. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 616-22; quiz 671-2.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  13. Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. Reduced sun exposure does not explain the inverse association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with percent body fat in older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 3155-7.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  14. van Dam RM, Snijder MB, Dekker JM, Stehouwer CD, Bouter LM, Heine RJ, et al. Potentially modifiable determinants of vitamin D status in an older population in the Netherlands: the Hoorn Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 755-61.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  15. Shin SR, Han AL, Park SH. Vitamin D status and its relation with abdominal adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors of Korean adults in certain areas. Korean J Obes 2015; 24: 30-5.
    CrossRef
  16. Jang SY, Lee JY, Bae JM, Lee C, Hong SN, Kim A, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and body mass index in healthy postmenopausal women. Korean J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 55: 378-83.
    CrossRef
  17. Lee I, Kang H. Association of physical activity and body fatness with vitamin D deficiency in older adults. Korean J Obes 2016; 25: 24-30.
    CrossRef
  18. Kang JH, Kim SS, Moon SS, Kim WJ, Bae MJ, Choi BG, et al. Adiposity in the relationship between serum vitamin D level and insulin resistance in middle-aged and elderly Korean adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2013; 28: 96-102.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  19. Kamycheva E, Joakimsen RM, Jorde R. Intakes of calcium and vitamin D predict body mass index in the population of Northern Norway. J Nutr 2003; 133: 102-6.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  20. Brock K, Huang WY, Fraser DR, Ke L, Tseng M, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, et al. Low vitamin D status is associated with physical inactivity, obesity and low vitamin D intake in a large US sample of healthy middle-aged men and women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121: 462-6.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  21. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 690-3.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  22. Blum M, Dolnikowski G, Seyoum E, Harris SS, Booth SL, Peterson J, et al. Vitamin D3 in fat tissue. Endocrine 2008; 33: 90-4.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef

This Article


Author ORCID Information

Services
Social Network Service

e-submission

Archives