Korean J Fam Pract 2020; 10(1): 15-22  https://doi.org/10.21215/kjfp.2020.10.1.15
Association between Coffee Consumption and Bone Mineral Density in Korean Men Aged 50 Years and Older: A Cross Sectional Analysis of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011
Su Young Jahng, Hye Won Kim, Sung Hwa Lee, Jin Yi Jeong, Hyo Rim Son*
Department of Family Medicine, Gwangju Veterans Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
Hyo Rim Son
Tel: +82-62-602-6267, Fax: +82-62-602-6982
E-mail: shadow3838@naver.com
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2239-1914
Received: July 11, 2018; Revised: November 27, 2019; Accepted: December 10, 2019; Published online: February 20, 2020.
© The Korean Academy of Family Medicine. All rights reserved.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background: Coffee is the most commonly consumed beverage worldwide and has a variety of health benefits. However, the relationship between coffee consumption and bone mineral density (BMD) is still controversial. This study aimed to assess the associations between coffee consumption and BMD in Korean men aged 50 years and older.
Methods: The study included 271 Korean men aged 50 years and older from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011. Coffee consumption frequency was assessed using a questionnaire and categorized as follows: none, ≤1 cup/day, 2 cups/day, or 3 cups/day. The BMD of the total femur, femur neck, and lumbar spine were compared based on coffee consumption frequency. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between coffee consumption and impaired bone health (osteopenia or osteoporosis).
Results: The BMD of the total femur and femur neck significantly increased with higher coffee consumption (P<0.001). Participants with the highest coffee consumption had the lowest odds ratio for osteopenia or osteoporosis of the total femur and femur neck (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). After adjusting for all confounding factors, this trend remained consistent in the femur neck (P<0.05); drinking 2 cups of coffee per day was found to be associated with the lowest risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis of the total femur.
Conclusion: Coffee consumption was found to decrease the risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis of the total femur and femur neck in Korean men aged 50 years and older.
Keywords: Coffee; Bone Density; Osteopenia; Osteoporosis; Korean Men
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