Multivariable logistic regression analysis for association between the frequency of high-sugar foods Intake and DM
Sugar intake frequency | Patients without DM | Patients with DM | Univariate | Multivariatea | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bread, rice cakes | |||||||
Plain bread, morning bread | |||||||
<1 time/week | 66 (74.1) | 57 (75.0) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 17 (19.1) | 14 (18.4) | 1.049 (0.475–2.313) | 0.636 (0.244–1.660) | |||
3–6 times/week | 3 (3.4) | 4 (5.3) | 0.648 (0.139–3.016) | 0.586 (0.101–3.414) | |||
≥1 time/day | 3 (3.4) | 1 (1.3) | 2.591 (0.262–25.604) | 2.429 (0.172–34.333) | |||
Twisted bread stick, doughnut | |||||||
<1 time/week | 83 (93.3) | 72 (94.7) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 6 (6.7) | 4 (5.3) | 1.301 (0.353–4.793) | 0.575 (0.099–3.345) | |||
Songpyeon, honey rice cake | |||||||
<1 time/week | 87 (97.8) | 73 (96.1) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.6) | 0.420 (0.037–4.721) | 0.798 (0.059–10.853) | |||
3–6 times/week | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.3) | 0.839 (0.052–13.650) | 0.271 (0.007–9.877) | |||
Sticky rice cake | |||||||
<1 time/week | 88 (98.9) | 75 (98.7) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.3) | 0.852 (0.052–13.851) | 0.555 (0.006–49.499) | |||
Coffee | |||||||
Americano (+syrup) | |||||||
<1 time/week | 57 (64.0) | 54 (71.0) | 1.000 | 1. 000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 6 (6.7) | 6 (7.9) | 0.947 (0.288–3.118) | 0.574 (0.142–2.324) | |||
3–6 times/week | 10 (11.2) | 5 (6.6) | 1.895 (0.608–5.901) | 1.491 (0.368–6.035) | |||
≥1 time/day | 16 (18.0) | 11 (14.5) | 1.378 (0.587–3.234) | 0.991 (0.372–2.639) | |||
Coffee mix | |||||||
<1 time/week | 63 (70.8) | 48 (63.2) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 9 (10.1) | 8 (10.5) | 0.857 (0.308–2.386) | 0.883 (0.264–2.957) | |||
3–6 times/week | 2 (2.3) | 7 (9.2) | 1.895 (0.608–5.901) | 0.584 (0.106–3.217) | |||
≥1 time/day | 15 (16.8) | 13 (17.1) | 1.378 (0.587–3.234) | 1.462 (0.563–3.794) | |||
Drinks | |||||||
Carbonated beverages |
|||||||
<1 time/week | 70 (78.7) | 64 (84.2) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 14 (15.7) | 6 (7.9) | 2.133 (0.773–5.885) | 0.611 (0.155–2.399) | |||
3–6 times/week | 1 (1.1) | 3 (3.9) | 0.305 (0.031–3.005) | 0.045 (0.002–0.883) | |||
≥1 time/day | 4 (4.5) | 3 (3.9) | 1.219 (0.263–5.657) | 0.410 (0.062–2.727) | |||
Sports drink |
|||||||
<1 time/week | 80 (89.9) | 72 (94.8) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 6 (6.7) | 1 (1.3) | 5.397 (0.635–45.894) | 3.224 (0.252–41.209) | |||
3–6 times/week | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.6) | 0.450 (0.040–5.068) | 0.054 (0.003–1.049) | |||
≥1 time/day | 2 (2.3) | 1 (1.3) | 1.800 (0.160–20.273) | 0.189 (0.013–2.827) | |||
Fresh fruit juice | |||||||
<1 time/week | 76 (85.4) | 72 (94.8) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 8 (9.0) | 1 (1.3) | 7.579 (0.925–62.120) | 0.634 (0.635–63.295) | |||
3–6 times/week | 3 (3.4) | 2 (2.6) | 1.421 (0.231–8.753) | 0.680 (0.062–7.415) | |||
≥1 time/day | 2 (2.2) | 1 (1.3) | 1.895 (0.168–21.351) | 3.718 (0.298–46.392) | |||
Fermented drinks | |||||||
Yogurt | |||||||
<1 time/week | 74 (83.2) | 62 (81.6) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 8 (9.0) | 5 (6.6) | 1.341 (0.417–4.307) | 1.862 (0.472–7.352) | |||
3–6 times/week | 5 (5.6) | 5 (6.6) | 0.838 (0.232–3.028) | 0.852 (0.193–3.760) | |||
≥1 time/day | 2 (2.2) | 4 (5.3) | 0.419 (0.074–2.365) | 0.463 (0.057–3.643) | |||
Yogurt (sugar-free) | |||||||
<1 time/week | 79 (88.8) | 72 (94.7) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 8 (9.0) | 2 (2.6) | 3.645 (0.749–17.735) | 8.008 (1.298–49.427) | |||
3–6 times/week | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.3) | 0.911 (0.056–14.841) | 2.013 (0.079–51.161) | |||
≥1 time/day | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.3) | 0.911 (0.056–14.841) | 1.806 (0.103–31.605) | |||
Yoplait (sugar-free) | |||||||
<1 time/week | 78 (87.6) | 66 (86.8) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 5 (5.6) | 3 (4.0) | 1.410 (0.325–6.124) | 2.102 (0.403–10.953) | |||
3–6 times/week | 4 (4.5) | 6 (7.9) | 0.564 (0.153–2.04) | 0.658 (0.152–2.856) | |||
≥1 time/day | 2 (2.3) | 1 (1.3) | 1.692 (0.150–19.081) | 2.252 (0.187–27.138) | |||
Snacks | |||||||
Honey Twist Snack, Cho Chung U-GuA, |
|||||||
<1 time/week | 81 (91.0) | 73 (96.1) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 6 (6.7) | 2 (2.6) | 2.704 (0.529–13.817) | 4.687 (0.471–29.638) | |||
3–6 times/week | 2 (2.3) | 1 (1.3) | 1.802 (0.160–20.295) | 0.809 (0.042–15.432) | |||
Choco Chip Cookie, Waffles, Custard | |||||||
<1 time/week | 84 (94.4) | 73 (96.1) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 4 (4.5) | 2 (2.6) | 1.738 (0.309–9.765) | 0.158 (0.058–5.747) | |||
3–6 times/week | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.3) | 0.869 (0.054–14.42) | 0.082 (0.004–1.669) | |||
Candys | |||||||
<1 time/week | 77 (86.5) | 63 (82.9) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 3 (3.4) | 7 (9.2) | 0.351 (0.087–1.412) | 0.182 (0.031–1.069) | |||
3–6 times/week | 6 (6.7) | 4 (5.3) | 1.227 (0.332–4.540) | 0.927 (0.207–4.147) | |||
≥1 time/day | 3 (3.4) | 2 (2.6) | 1.227 (0.199–7.574) | 2.616 (0.367–18.647) | |||
Fruits | |||||||
Apple | |||||||
<1 time/week | 61 (68.5) | 42 (55.3) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 13 (14.6) | 15 (19.7) | 0.597 (0.258–1.383) | 0.633 (0.256–1.717) | |||
3–6 times/week | 7 (7.9) | 8 (10.5) | 0.602 (0.230–1.788) | 0.798 (0.236–2.703) | |||
≥1 time/day | 8 (9.0) | 11 (14.5) | 0.501 (0.186–1.350) | 0.947 (0.313–2.863) | |||
Watermelon | |||||||
<1 time/week | 79 (88.8) | 69 (92.0) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 9 (10.1) | 3 (4.0) | 2.620 (0.682–10.067) | 3.435 (0.812–14.524) | |||
3–6 times/week | 1 (1.1) | 3 (4.0) | 0.291 (0.030–2.864) | 0.344 (0.033–3.574) | |||
Banana | |||||||
<1 time/week | 68 (76.4) | 63 (82.9) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 8 (9.0) | 9 (11.8) | 0.824 (0.292–2.266) | 0.857 (0.276–2.600) | |||
3–6 times/week | 5 (5.6) | 1 (1.3) | 4.632 (0.527–40.783) | 4.601 (0.455–46.494) | |||
≥1 time/day | 8 (9.0) | 3 (4.0) | 2.471 (0.628–9.727) | 3.693 (0.850–16.045) | |||
Orange | |||||||
<1 time/week | 82 (92.1) | 73 (96.1) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 6 (6.8) | 2 (2.6) | 2.671 (0.523–13.646) | 1.639 (0.267–10.054) | |||
3–6 times/week | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.3) | 0.890 (0.055–14.490) | 1.213 (0.070–20.901) | |||
Peach | |||||||
<1 time/week | 78 (88.6) | 69 (90.8) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 4 (4.6) | 4 (5.3) | 0.885 (0.213–3.672) | 0.958 (0.192–4.779) | |||
3–6 times/week | 5 (5.7) | 1 (1.3) | 4.422 (0.504–38.780) | 7.119 (0.765–66.228) | |||
≥1 time/day | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.6) | 0.442 (0.039–4.985) | 0.277 (0.021–3.627) | |||
Tomato | |||||||
<1 time/week | 64 (71.9) | 57 (75.0) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 15 (16.8) | 7 (9.2) | 1.908 (0.727–5.011) | 2.573 (0.878–7.543) | |||
3–6 times/week | 7 (7.9) | 8 (10.5) | 0.779 (0.266–2.284) | 1.392 (0.421–4.598) | |||
≥1 time/day | 3 (3.4) | 4 (5.3) | 0.668 (0.143–3.112) | 1.237 (0.216–7.092) | |||
Cherry tomato | |||||||
<1 time/week | 66 (75.0) | 63 (82.9) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
1–2 times/week | 14 (15.9) | 7 (9.2) | 1.909 (0.723–5.039) | 2.123 (0.707–6.377) | |||
3–6 times/week | 5 (5.7) | 4 (5.3) | 1.193 (0.723–5.039) | 1.866 (0.429–8.120) | |||
≥1 time/day | 3 (3.4) | 2 (2.6) | 1.432 (0.231–8.856) | 2.145 (0.305–15.077) | |||
Mango | |||||||
<1 time/week | 88 (98.9) | 74 (98.7) | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
3–6 times/week | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.3) | 0.840 (0.052–13.666) | 0.344 (0.012–9.496) |
Values are presented as unweighted number (unweighted percentage) or odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
DM, diabetes mellitus.
aMultivariable logistic regression adjusted for sex, age and BMI.