Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants
| Variable | Sleep duration (hr) | Total | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very short (≤4) | Short (5–6) | Average (7–8) | Long (≥9) | |||
| Total | 219 (10.5) | 833 (40.1) | 868 (40.9) | 184 (8.5) | 2,104 (100.0) | |
| Age (y) | 72.97±0.42 | 72.17±0.19 | 72.16±0.21 | 73.42±0.49 | 72.36±0.14 | 0.024 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.34±0.76 | 85.40±0.35 | 85.01±0.36 | 86.26±0.92 | 85.10±0.26 | 0.031 |
| Right hand grip strength (kg) | 23.52±0.66 | 27.18±0.32 | 27.94±0.36 | 26.84±0.82 | 27.06±0.26 | <0.001 |
| Left hand grip strength (kg) | 22.37±0.67 | 25.72±0.33 | 26.49±0.35 | 25.50±0.86 | 25.64±0.26 | <0.001 |
| Hand grip strength (kg) | 22.94±0.66 | 26.45±0.32 | 27.21±0.35 | 26.17±0.83 | 26.35±0.25 | <0.001 |
| Dominant hand grip strength (kg) | 23.50±0.66 | 27.17±0.33 | 27.99±0.36 | 26.90±0.81 | 27.07±0.26 | <0.001 |
| Non-dominant hand grip strength (kg) | 22.39±0.68 | 25.73±0.33 | 26.44±0.35 | 25.44±0.87 | 25.62±0.26 | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||||
| Male | 63 (27.2) | 369 (43.1) | 456 (51.0) | 98 (52.9) | 986 (45.5) | |
| Female | 156 (72.8) | 464 (56.9) | 412 (49.0) | 86 (47.1) | 1,118 (54.5) | |
| Educational level | <0.001 | |||||
| ≤Elementary school | 176 (80.6) | 466 (58.3) | 458 (54.9) | 124 (67.0) | 1,224 (60.0) | |
| Middle school | 15 (7.2) | 121 (13.6) | 139 (14.2) | 25 (14.1) | 300 (13.2) | |
| High school | 23 (10.0) | 151 (17.3) | 168 (19.7) | 25 (13.1) | 367 (17.1) | |
| ≥College | 5 (2.1) | 95 (10.8) | 103 (11.3) | 10 (5.8) | 213 (9.7) | |
| Number of family members | <0.001 | |||||
| 1 | 68 (29.3) | 174 (18.6) | 143 (15.1) | 33 (16.3) | 418 (18.1) | |
| ≥2 | 151 (70.7) | 659 (81.4) | 725 (84.9) | 151 (83.7) | 1,686 (81.9) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.262 | |||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 9 (4.0) | 17 (2.2) | 24 (2.6) | 6 (2.2) | 56 (2.6) | |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 146 (65.3) | 498 (58.0) | 536 (61.9) | 111 (58.8) | 1,291 (60.5) | |
| Obesity (≥25) | 64 (30.7) | 318 (39.8) | 308 (35.4) | 67 (39.0) | 757 (37.0) | |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | |||||
| Current | 60 (27.3) | 303 (35.8) | 394 (44.3) | 75 (41.3) | 832 (38.9) | |
| Ever | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.7) | 10 (1.3) | 1 (0.6) | 18 (0.9) | |
| Never | 159 (72.7) | 523 (63.5) | 464 (54.4) | 108 (58.1) | 1,254 (60.3) | |
| Alcohol use | 0.215 | |||||
| Heavy drinker | 36 (16.1) | 159 (19.2) | 167 (18.9) | 34 (16.0) | 396 (18.5) | |
| Ever drinker | 115 (52.2) | 465 (55.3) | 495 (57.3) | 94 (50.7) | 1,169 (55.4) | |
| Never drinker | 68 (31.7) | 209 (25.5) | 206 (23.8) | 56 (33.3) | 539 (26.1) | |
| Regular physical activity | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 63 (25.6) | 338 (40.5) | 339 (39.8) | 57 (29.5) | 797 (37.7) | |
| No | 156 (74.4) | 495 (59.5) | 529 (60.2) | 127 (70.5) | 1,307 (62.3) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.401 | |||||
| Yes | 38 (18.3) | 160 (19.2) | 171 (19.2) | 43 (24.9) | 412 (19.6) | |
| No | 181 (81.7) | 673 (80.8) | 697 (80.8) | 141 (75.1) | 1,692 (80.4) | |
| High blood pressure | 0.897 | |||||
| Yes | 120 (52.8) | 465 (55.0) | 458 (53.3) | 101 (54.7) | 1,144 (54.1) | |
| No | 99 (47.2) | 368 (45.0) | 410 (46.7) | 83 (45.3) | 960 (45.9) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.121 | |||||
| Yes | 13 (4.5) | 69 (8.1) | 53 (5.8) | 11 (5.0) | 146 (6.5) | |
| No | 206 (95.5) | 764 (91.9) | 815 (94.2) | 173 (95.0) | 1,958 (93.5) | |
| Stroke | 0.164 | |||||
| Yes | 16 (8.9) | 44 (4.6) | 58 (6.6) | 14 (7.7) | 132 (6.1) | |
| No | 203 (91.1) | 789 (95.4) | 810 (93.4) | 170 (92.3) | 1,972 (93.9) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.059 | |||||
| Yes | 72 (30.1) | 234 (27.6) | 212 (24.1) | 40 (19.4) | 558 (25.7) | |
| No | 147 (69.9) | 599 (72.4) | 656 (75.9) | 144 (80.6) | 1,546 (74.3) | |
| Cancer | 0.560 | |||||
| Yes | 23 (11.2) | 74 (9.5) | 85 (9.6) | 14 (6.7) | 196 (9.5) | |
| No | 196 (88.8) | 759 (90.5) | 783 (90.4) | 170 (93.3) | 1,908 (90.5) | |
| Depressive disorder | 0.638 | |||||
| Yes | 17 (6.8) | 46 (5.5) | 46 (5.1) | 15 (7.3) | 124 (5.6) | |
| No | 202 (93.2) | 787 (94.5) | 822 (94.9) | 169 (92.7) | 1,980 (94.4) | |
Values are presented as mean±standard error for continuous variables or unweighted n (weighted %) for categorical variables.
P-values are from Rao-scott χ2 test or ANOVA.