General characteristics of study population with and without diabetic retinopathy (DMR)
| Variables | Total | Without DMR | With DMR | P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Weighted % (SE) | Number | Weighted % (SE) | Number | Weighted % (SE) | ||||
| Age, y | 434 | 61.5 (0.56) | 351 | 61.7 (0.60) | 83 | 60.7 (1.32) | 0.484 | ||
| Age group, y | 0.440 | ||||||||
| 40–49 | 52 | 15.7 (2.24) | 42 | 16.1 (2.61) | 10 | 14.2 (4.51) | |||
| 50–59 | 108 | 32.1 (2.89) | 84 | 30.4 (2.93) | 24 | 38.9 (6.42) | |||
| 60–69 | 124 | 22.6 (2.01) | 99 | 22.4 (2.26) | 25 | 23.5 (4.45) | |||
| >70 | 150 | 29.6 (2.14) | 126 | 22.4 (2.26) | 24 | 23.4 (4.79) | |||
| Sex, female | 203 | 42.5 (2.80) | 169 | 43.4 (3.34) | 34 | 38.5 (6.26) | 0.522 | ||
| DM diagnosed y | 322 | 53.8 (0.79) | 250 | 54.9 (0.86) | 72 | 50.2 (1.40) | 0.003 | ||
| Employed | 217 | 55.7 (2.93) | 170 | 53.4 (3.30) | 47 | 64.4 (5.73) | 0.102 | ||
| Smoking | 83 | 20.6 (2.31) | 60 | 17.5 (2.37) | 23 | 33.3 (5.95) | 0.006 | ||
| Alcohol | 195 | 47.2 (2.44) | 160 | 48.5 (2.93) | 35 | 42.1 (5.34) | 0.329 | ||
| Exercise | |||||||||
| Aerobic | 79 | 22.2 (2.63) | 68 | 23.4 (2.63) | 11 | 17.2 (6.66) | 0.410 | ||
| Muscle strength | 76 | 20.4 (2.55) | 61 | 20.5 (2.87) | 15 | 20.1 (4.72) | 0.931 | ||
| Walking | 308 | 79.3 (2.32) | 250 | 80.2 (2.60) | 58 | 75.8 (5.58) | 0.464 | ||
| Health screening | 299 | 73.1 (2.38) | 234 | 70.3 (2.61) | 65 | 84.1 (4.24) | 0.013 | ||
| Fundus exam, yes | 111 | 25.6 (2.50) | 81 | 23.2 (2.49) | 30 | 35.6 (6.44) | 0.044 | ||
| HbA1C, % | 434 | 7.1 (0.09) | 351 | 7.0 (0.08) | 83 | 7.7 (0.26) | 0.005 | ||
| FBS, g/dL | 434 | 141.4 (2.39) | 351 | 136.5 (1.99) | 83 | 161.7 (8.38) | 0.004 | ||
| Co-morbidity | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 240 | 51.6 (2.87) | 197 | 53.5 (3.00) | 43 | 43.7 (6.11) | 0.139 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 173 | 41.3 (3.20) | 139 | 41.6 (3.73) | 34 | 40.2 (6.18) | 0.849 | ||
| Cerebral Inf. | 20 | 4.5 (1.10) | 13 | 3.8 (1.11) | 7 | 7.3 (2.74) | 0.150 | ||
| DM treatment, yes | 303 | 68.6 (2.57) | 234 | 65.6 (2.90) | 69 | 80.8 (4.60) | 0.012 | ||
| Insulin | 25 | 5.2 (1.19) | 15 | 4.3 (1.17) | 10 | 9.1 (2.79) | 0.041 | ||
| OHA | 298 | 67.7 (2.57) | 230 | 64.5 (2.86) | 68 | 80.6 (4.60) | 0.007 | ||
| Non-drug | 30 | 7.2 (1.30) | 24 | 6.3 (1.21) | 6 | 10.7 (4.71) | 0.295 | ||
DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1C, glycated hemoglobin; FBS, fasting blood sugar; Cerebral Inf., cerebral infarction; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agents; SE, standard error.
P-values were determined using the Rao-Scott chi-square test.