General characteristics by smoking pattern
| Variable | Conventional smokers (n=940) |
Dual users (n=110) |
E-cigarette smokers (n=23) |
Non-smokers (n=4,118) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 794 (87.3) | 100 (90.2) | 21 (88.1) | 1,493 (41.3) | |
| Age (y) | 43.19±0.49 | 35.84±1.17 | 36.69±2.26 | 46.67±0.30 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.30±0.14 | 25.20±0.33 | 25.91±0.73 | 23.77±0.07 | <0.001 |
| Marriage status | 0.030 | ||||
| Married | 613 (62.3) | 70 (57.5) | 14 (59.6) | 2,891 (67.4) | |
| Educational level | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤Elementary school | 96 (8.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.6) | 680 (12.7) | |
| Middle school | 85 (7.4) | 4 (4.1) | 1 (4.8) | 388 (8.7) | |
| High school | 384 (44.1) | 51 (49.7) | 4 (13.6) | 1,325 (33.6) | |
| ≥College | 375 (40.2) | 55 (46.2) | 17 (79.0) | 1,725 (45.0) | |
| Household income (monthly, ₩) | 0.122 | ||||
| Low (<1,000,000) | 142 (13.1) | 7 (7.8) | 1 (1.8) | 624 (12.3) | |
| Mid-low (1,000,000–2,000,000) | 231 (23.7) | 19 (17.5) | 5 (22.8) | 986 (23.0) | |
| Mid-high (2,000,000–3,000,000) | 302 (32.9) | 35 (29.9) | 8 (31.2) | 1,204 (30.2) | |
| High (>3,000,000) | 265 (30.2) | 49 (44.8) | 9 (44.2) | 1,304 (34.5) | |
| Frequency of binge drinking | <0.001 | ||||
| No or never drinking | 210 (19.6) | 14 (11.2) | 8 (30.0) | 2,276 (51.5) | |
| Monthly or less than once a month | 303 (31.7) | 47 (39.4) | 9 (38.4) | 1,223 (32.1) | |
| Weekly | 291 (33.4) | 29 (28.9) | 5 (26.9) | 458 (12.2) | |
| Daily | 136 (15.2) | 20 (20.5) | 1 (4.6) | 161 (4.2) | |
| Self-rated health | 0.309 | ||||
| Healthy | 783 (84.0) | 88 (79.0) | 17 (80.7) | 3,461 (85.3) | |
| Activity restriction | 0.216 | ||||
| Yes | 48 (4.5) | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 256 (5.1) | |
| Hypertension | 154 (15.2) | 12 (11.9) | 4 (18.4) | 863 (18.4) | 0.137 |
| Diabetic mellitus | 69 (6.7) | 5 (3.6) | 4 (16.2) | 318 (6.5) | 0.160 |
| Dyslipidemia | 114 (11.8) | 10 (8.1) | 3 (13.8) | 669 (15.2) | 0.034 |
Values are expressed as unweighted numbers (weighted %) or mean±standard error.
E-cigarette, electronic cigarette.
P-values are from Rao-Scott χ2 test for categorical variables and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables.