Comparison of Ucot, UA, hsCRP, folate and vitamin A, E concentrations according to smoking patterns
| Variables | Conventional smokers (a) | Dual users (b) | E-cigarette smokers (c) | Non-smokers (d) | P-value | Post-hoc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ucot (ng/mL) | 1,240.28±32.54 | 1,261.78±72.91 | 1,111.88±256.60 | 28.93±3.65 | <0.001 | a, b, c>d |
| Model 1 | 1,240.28±32.54 | 1,261.78±72.91 | 1,111.88±256.60 | 28.93±3.65 | <0.001 | a, b, c>d |
| Model 2 | 1,209.19±31.83 | 1,233.42±73.84 | 1,088.30±253.32 | 24.36±7.51 | <0.001 | a, b, c>d |
| Model 3 | 1,209.69±32.74 | 1,226.88±75.56 | 1,103.70±251.76 | 26.42±12.62 | <0.001 | a, b, c>d |
| UA (mg/dL) | 5.76±0.05 | 6.34±0.15 | 5.84±0.33 | 5.05±0.02 | <0.001 | a, b>d c>d |
| Model 1 | 5.87±0.07 | 6.45±0.16 | 5.93±0.35 | 5.02±0.03 | <0.001 | a, b>d c>d a < b |
| Model 2 | 5.35±0.06 | 5.74±0.14 | 5.19±0.30 | 5.14±0.03 | 0.041 | b>a>d b>d |
| Model 3 | 5.37±0.07 | 5.77±0.14 | 5.23±0.31 | 5.19±0.04 | 0.001 | a>d b>d a < b |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 1.29±0.07 | 1.19±0.17 | 1.32±0.50 | 1.08±0.03 | 0.055 | a>d |
| Model 1 | 1.42±0.12 | 1.31±0.19 | 1.42±0.51 | 1.05±0.04 | 0.066 | a>d |
| Model 2 | 1.37±0.13 | 1.24±0.19 | 1.30±0.52 | 1.05±0.05 | 0.165 | a>d |
| Model 3 | 1.42±0.13 | 1.31±0.19 | 1.32±0.51 | 1.09±0.06 | 0.149 | a>d |
| Folate (ng/mL) | 5.41±0.10 | 5.72±0.28 | 5.05±0.42 | 7.64±0.07 | <0.001 | a, b, c |
| Model 1 | 5.99±0.14 | 6.31±0.30 | 5.55±0.43 | 7.48±0.07 | <0.001 | a, b, c |
| Model 2 | 6.68±0.16 | 7.46±0.30 | 6.66±0.41 | 7.39±0.09 | <0.001 | a a |
| Model 3 | 6.43±0.16 | 7.19±0.30 | 6.22±0.40 | 7.07±0.11 | <0.001 | a a c |
| Vitamin A (mg/L) | 0.60±0.01 | 0.65±0.05 | 0.56±0.03 | 0.51±0.00 | <0.001 | a>d b>d |
| Model 1 | 0.59±0.01 | 0.64±0.05 | 0.55±0.04 | 0.51±0.01 | <0.001 | a>d b>d |
| Model 2 | 0.58±0.01 | 0.65±0.05 | 0.55±0.03 | 0.53±0.01 | 0.001 | a>d b>d |
| Model 3 | 0.60±0.01 | 0.66±0.05 | 0.59±0.03 | 0.57±0.01 | 0.055 | a>d b>d |
| Vitamin E (mg/L) | 13.24±0.20 | 13.76±0.96 | 11.68±0.57 | 13.67±0.15 | 0.002 | a c |
| Model 1 | 13.60±0.28 | 14.13±1.04 | 11.99±0.60 | 13.57±0.15 | 0.045 | b, d>c a>c |
| Model 2 | 14.14±0.28 | 15.09±1.03 | 12.76±0.57 | 13.72±0.18 | 0.044 | a, b>c |
| Model 3 | 14.16±0.29 | 15.05±1.06 | 12.77±0.60 | 13.80±0.21 | 0.043 | a, b>c |
Values are expressed as mean±standard error for both unadjusted and adjusted models. Model 1 was adjusted for Ucot level; in the analysis of the dependent variable, except for Ucot. Model 2 was adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, dyslipidemia in addition to the factors of model 1. Model 3 was adjusted for marriage status, educational level, frequency of binge drinking in addition to the factors of model 2.
Ucot, urinary cotinine; UA, uric acid; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; e-cigarette, electronic cigarette.
P-values are from complex samples general linear regression. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.