Difference in intake frequency of carbonated beverage according to health-related characteristics
| Variable | Intake frequency of carbonated beverage | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None (n=1,928) |
1–3 times/mo (n=993) |
1–6 times/wk (n=988) |
1–3 time/d (n=82) |
Total (n=3,991) |
||
| BMI (kg/m2) | <0.001 | |||||
| <18.5 | 80 (4.1) |
58 (5.8) | 63 (6.4) | 6 (7.3) | 207 (5.2) | |
| 18.5≤BMI<23 | 909 (47.1) | 449 (45.2) | 429 (43.4) | 31 (37.8) | 1,818 (45.6) | |
| 23≤BMI<25 | 460 (23.9) | 190 (19.1) | 198 (20.0) | 13 (15.9) | 861 (21.6) | |
| ≥25 | 479 (24.8) | 296 (29.8) | 298 (30.2) | 32 (39.0) | 1,105 (27.7) | |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.81±1.09 |
0.93±1.22 | 0.98±1.24 | 1.15±1.38 | 0.89±1.17 | <0.001 |
| <1 | 1,535 (79.6) | 752 (75.7) | 725 (73.4) | 58 (70.7) | 3,070 (76.9) | <0.001 |
| 1–3 | 314 (16.3) | 183 (18.4) | 200 (20.2) | 13 (15.9) | 710 (17.8) | |
| >3 | 79 (4.1) | 58 (5.8) | 63 (6.4) | 11 (13.4) | 211 (5.3) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79.03±8.91 | 79.80±10.30 | 80.82±11.00 | 82.73±10.99 | 79.74±9.89 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 113.39±15.25 | 111.23±13.50 | 111.97±12.47 | 113.50±12.45 | 112.50±14.15 | 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.77±9.63 | 73.98±9.55 | 74.35±9.19 | 76.50±10.20 | 74.50±9.52 | 0.038 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 94.56±13.93 | 93.61±14.62 | 93.34±16.23 | 97.29±31.47 | 94.08±15.27 | 0.104 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.46±0.44 | 5.41±0.47 | 5.39±0.54 | 5.51±1.10 | 5.43±0.50 | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 198.14±34.66 | 191.65±35.45 | 189.13±35.11 | 191.22±40.79 | 194.16±35.31 | <0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 54.24±13.50 | 52.41±11.86 | 52.16±12.37 | 51.54±13.09 | 53.22±12.85 | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 119.34±31.34 | 115.80±30.45 | 116.63±30.65 | 112.28±35.77 | 117.68±31.07 | 0.081 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 118.36±83.50 | 118.46±110.09 | 120.26±105.15 | 144.56±181.00 | 119.39±98.96 | 0.593 |
| WBC (103/μL) | 5.95±1.46 | 6.23±1.46 | 6.50±1.48 | 6.74±1.42 | 6.17±1.48 | <0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 20.98±8.60 | 20.30±9.25 | 21.31±12.17 | 22.13±21.21 | 20.92±10.14 | 0.133 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 19.01±14.08 | 20.67±18.33 | 23.34±25.75 | 26.76±43.95 | 20.65±19.65 | <0.001 |
| Sugar (mg/d) | 4.43±3.18 | 4.35±3.10 | 4.56±3.04 | 5.27±3.05 | 4.46±3.14 | 0.045 |
| Chocolate (piece) | 1.76±1.25 | 2.19±1.32 | 2.43±1.50 | 2.27±1.39 | 2.05±1.37 | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1,928.06±904.22 | 2,125.83±928.60 | 2,280.89±1,047.27 | 2,554.57±1,407.89 | 2,077.48±973.19 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 299.25±122.70 | 316.39±136.14 | 322.55±132.79 | 358.18±189.47 | 310.50±130.85 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g/d) | 70.10±60.80 | 76.46±38.70 | 84.41±54.42 | 86.57±56.23 | 75.56±54.69 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g/d) | 43.88±36.98 | 52.40±35.49 | 61.46±43.53 | 76.91±63.16 | 51.03±39.86 | <0.001 |
| Dietary fiber (g/d) | 27.16±15.14 | 24.20±12.70 | 23.22±12.99 | 22.27±12.40 | 25.35±14.11 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg/d) | 3,589.28±4,400.74 | 3,844.62±2,422.62 | 4,113.95±2,730.52 | 3,988.49±2,506.96 | 3,790.90±3,582.08 | 0.002 |
| Calcium (mg/d) | 532.90±351.21 | 519.55±313.02 | 532.19±319.71 | 534.17±316.13 | 529.43±333.58 | 0.762 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 95.32±108.77 | 83.11±93.03 | 75.84±93.06 | 73.65±93.09 | 87.01±101.27 | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; WBC, white blood cell; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferse.
aValues are presented as number (%) and obtained by Chi-square test. bValues are presented as mean±standard deviation and obtained by ANOVA.
P-value is obtained by Chi-square test.