General characteristics of the study population by sex (n=9,589)
| Variable | Male (n=4,144) | Female (n=5,445) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 45.86±0.35 | 47.36±0.34 | <0.001 |
| 19–29 | 19.44 (0.94) | 17.44 (0.80) | <0.001 |
| 30–39 | 19.09 (0.87) | 17.97 (0.80) | |
| 40–49 | 20.77 (0.84) | 20.19 (0.67) | |
| 50–59 | 20.26 (0.72) | 19.72 (0.64) | |
| 60–69 | 10.36 (0.46) | 12.94 (0.47) | |
| ≥70 | 10.09 (0.52) | 11.74 (0.55) | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||
| Below elementary | 16.35 (0.76) | 26.11 (0.93) | |
| Middle school | 26.25 (0.86) | 27.11 (0.85) | |
| High school | 15.02 (0.70) | 15.78 (0.61) | |
| Above university | 42.38 (1.20) | 31.00 (1.12) | |
| Living arrangement | 0.0813 | ||
| Not alone | 90.19 (0.75) | 91.30 (0.50) | |
| Alone | 9.81 (0.75) | 8.70 (0.50) | |
| Marital status | 0.3693 | ||
| No | 33.86 (1.09) | 34.85 (0.97) | |
| Yes | 66.14 (1.09) | 65.15 (0.97) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.47±0.63 | 23.24±0.66 | <0.001 |
| Smoking | <0.001 | ||
| Never | 29.35 (0.86) | 90.83 (0.45) | |
| Ex | 34.88 (0.83) | 4.59 (0.33) | |
| Current | 35.76 (0.91) | 4.59 (0.35) | |
| Alcohol (g/day) | <0.001 | ||
| 0 | 14.93 (0.66) | 30.67 (0.78) | |
| 1–15 | 51.05 (0.90) | 62.18 (0.84) | |
| 15–30 | 12.42 (0.61) | 3.93 (0.33) | |
| ≥30 | 21.59 (0.80) | 3.21 (0.29) | |
| Physical activity (METs/week) | 1,316.17±48.21 | 906.32±25.47 | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2,397.34±23.20 | 1,702.21±13.12 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 28.59 (0.86) | 22.07 (0.74) | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 16.90 (0.66) | 20.56 (0.63) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 11.26 (0.52) | 8.58 (0.48) | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | 9.36 (0.52) | 14.87 (0.62) | <0.001 |
| Suicide ideation | 4.12 (0.39) | 5.15 (0.50) | 0.0384 |
| Hand grip strength (kg) | 41.03±0.18 | 24.37±0.09 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as means±standard error for continuous variables or % (standard error) for categorical variables.
P-values by chi-square test or t-test.