General characteristics of the study subjects
| Characteristic | Osteoporosis | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n=2,446) | Yes (n=688) | |||
| Age (y) | 61.88±0.46 | 69.07±0.78 | <0.001 | |
| Income | Low | 23.8 | 48.2 | <0.001 |
| Middle-low | 25.4 | 27.4 | ||
| Middle-high | 26.6 | 10.5 | ||
| High | 24.3 | 13.9 | ||
| Education | ≤Primary school | 36.1 | 64.5 | <0.001 |
| Middle school | 17.5 | 16.6 | ||
| High school | 31.2 | 13.5 | ||
| ≥University | 15.1 | 5.4 | ||
| Marital status | Unmarried | 1.1 | 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Seperated/widowed/divorced | 28.6 | 45.8 | ||
| Married | 70.3 | 53.1 | ||
| Occupation | No | 51.3 | 65.4 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 48.7 | 34.6 | ||
| Smoking | Current | 5.1 | 3.5 | 0.175 |
| Past | 3.3 | 2.6 | ||
| Never | 91.6 | 93.8 | ||
| Alcohol intake | ≥2/wk | 9.3 | 4.1 | <0.001 |
| 1–4/mo | 23.7 | 15.3 | ||
| <1/mo | 67.0 | 80.6 | ||
| Aerobic exercise | No | 62.7 | 69.5 | 0.004 |
| Yes | 37.3 | 30.5 | ||
| Strength exercise | No | 86.1 | 90.6 | 0.007 |
| Yes | 14.9 | 9.4 | ||
| Body mass index | <18.5 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 0.433 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 61.3 | 60.1 | ||
| ≥25 | 36.6 | 36.8 | ||
| Oral contraceptives | Yes | 21.3 | 23.9 | 0.173 |
| No | 78.7 | 76.1 | ||
| Hypertension | Yes | 45.0 | 56.9 | <0.001 |
| No | 55.0 | 43.1 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 20.3 | 22.7 | 0.251 |
| No | 79.7 | 77.3 | ||
| Subjective health status | Bad | 24.4 | 42.6 | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 52.7 | 44.6 | ||
| Good | 22.9 | 12.8 | ||
| Stress perception | High | 23.6 | 24.2 | 0.781 |
| Low | 76.4 | 75.8 | ||
| Depression | Yes | 6.6 | 11.1 | 0.001 |
| No | 93.4 | 88.9 | ||
| Suicidal plans | Yes | 1.7 | 2.3 | 0.336 |
| No | 98.3 | 97.7 | ||
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or percentage.
Subjective health status: Bad (including ‘very bad’ and ‘bad’)/Moderate/Good (including ‘very good’ and ‘good’). Stress perception: High (high or very high stress)/Low (none or some stress). Depression: Yes (PHQ-9≥10), No (PHQ-9<10).
PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
P-values from t-test and chi-square test comparing a difference between normal and osteoporosis.