Factors related to osteoporosis
| Variables | Univariate | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | ||||
| Age (per 1 y increase) | 1.09 | 1.08–1.10 | <0.001 | 1.06 | 1.05–1.08 | <0.001 | 1.06 | 1.05–1.08 | <0.001 | |||
| Income | Low | 3.53 | 2.67–4.69 | <0.001 | 1.39 | 1.00–1.92 | 0.049 | 1.34 | 0.97–1.86 | 0.077 | ||
| Middle-low | 1.89 | 1.40–2.54 | <0.001 | 1.26 | 0.92–1.72 | 0.148 | 1.24 | 0.91–1.70 | 0.179 | |||
| Middle-high | 0.69 | 0.49–0.96 | 0.029 | 0.53 | 0.37–0.75 | <0.001 | 0.52 | 0.36–0.75 | <0.001 | |||
| High | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Education | ≤Primary school | 4.98 | 3.29–7.52 | <0.001 | 2.42 | 1.50–3.92 | <0.001 | 2.39 | 1.47–3.87 | <0.001 | ||
| Middle school | 2.65 | 1.70–4.14 | <0.001 | 2.18 | 1.35–3.52 | 0.002 | 2.15 | 1.33–3.49 | 0.002 | |||
| High school | 1.20 | 0.76–1.92 | 0.435 | 1.26 | 0.79–2.02 | 0.339 | 1.25 | 0.78–2.01 | 0.347 | |||
| ≥University | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Marital status | Unmarried | 1.32 | 0.59–2.94 | 0.503 | 1.38 | 0.55–3.46 | 0.493 | 1.33 | 0.53–3.28 | 0.548 | ||
| Seperated/widowed/divorced | 2.13 | 1.74–2.60 | <0.001 | 1.02 | 0.81–1.28 | 0.896 | 1.00 | 0.79–1.26 | 0.985 | |||
| Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Occupation | No | 1.79 | 1.47–2.19 | <0.001 | 1.05 | 0.84–1.31 | 0.666 | 1.03 | 0.83–1.28 | 0.788 | ||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Smoking | Current | 0.68 | 0.43–1.08 | 0.104 | 0.93 | 0.58–1.48 | 0.754 | 0.87 | 0.55–1.39 | 0.563 | ||
| Past | 0.78 | 0.46–1.32 | 0.354 | 0.70 | 0.41–1.22 | 0.208 | 0.66 | 0.38–1.16 | 0.152 | |||
| Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Alcohol intake | ≥2/wk | 0.368 | 0.24–0.56 | <0.001 | 0.49 | 0.32–0.75 | 0.001 | 0.49 | 0.32–0.76 | 0.001 | ||
| 1–4/mo | 0.537 | 0.40–0.72 | <0.001 | 0.81 | 0.60–1.10 | 0.171 | 0.81 | 0.60–1.10 | 0.181 | |||
| <1/mo | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Aerobic exercise | No | 1.36 | 1.10–1.68 | 0.004 | 0.98 | 0.77–1.25 | 0.878 | 0.98 | 0.78–1.25 | 0.888 | ||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Strength exercise | No | 1.55 | 1.13–2.14 | 0.007 | 1.10 | 0.80–1.53 | 0.550 | 1.09 | 0.75–1.50 | 0.622 | ||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| BMI | <18.5 | 1.46 | 0.81–2.63 | 0.203 | 1.41 | 0.75–2.63 | 0.284 | 1.40 | 0.75–2.61 | 0.291 | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 1.03 | 0.84–1.25 | 0.793 | 0.84 | 0.67–1.05 | 0.119 | 0.84 | 0.67–1.05 | 0.119 | |||
| ≥25 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Oral contraceptives | Yes | 1.16 | 0.94–1.43 | 0.173 | 0.96 | 0.76–1.21 | 0.720 | 0.95 | 0.75–1.20 | 0.650 | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Hypertension | Yes | 1.62 | 1.31–2.00 | <0.001 | 0.87 | 0.69–1.10 | 0.244 | 0.88 | 0.69–1.10 | 0.256 | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 1.16 | 0.90–1.49 | 0.251 | 0.77 | 0.59–1.01 | 0.062 | 0.76 | 0.58–1.00 | 0.048 | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.
aModel 1: Adjusted for age, household income quartile, education level, marital status, economic activity, smoking status, frequency of drinking, aerobic exercise, strength exercise, BMI, oral contraceptives, hypertension, diabetes mellitus. bModel 2: Adjusted for age, household income quartile, education level, marital status, economic activity, smoking status, frequency of drinking, aerobic exercise, strength exercise, BMI, oral contraceptives, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, depression.