General characteristics of the study population by eating with others and eating alone
| Variable | Eating with others (n=1,945) | Eating alone (n=559) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 45.4 | 25.8 | <0.001 |
| Female | 54.6 | 74.2 | ||
| Age (y) | ≥75 | 41.4 | 57.5 | <0.001 |
| 65–74 | 58.6 | 42.5 | ||
| Occupation | Employed | 30.9 | 24.0 | 0.005 |
| Unemployed | 69.1 | 76.0 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | Yes | 75.0 | 66.6 | 0.002 |
| No | 25.0 | 33.4 | ||
| Smoking | Yes | 36.7 | 26.7 | <0.001 |
| No | 63.3 | 73.3 | ||
| Chronic disease | Yes | 87.5 | 86.3 | 0.536 |
| No | 12.5 | 13.7 | ||
| Body mass index | ≥25 | 41.9 | 46.9 | 0.181 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 56.0 | 50.9 | ||
| <18.5 | 2.1 | 2.2 | ||
| Self-rated health | Bad | 31.5 | 42.9 | <0.001 |
| Good–Moderate | 68.5 | 57.1 | ||
| Aerobic exercise | No | 68.1 | 77.3 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 31.9 | 22.7 | ||
| Average sleep hours (d) | ≥7 hr | 66.4 | 58.0 | 0.001 |
| <7 hr | 33.6 | 42.0 | ||
| Insurance | NHI | 95.6 | 84.7 | <0.001 |
| MAP | 4.4 | 15.3 | ||
| Health screening | Yes | 74.5 | 67.6 | 0.006 |
| No | 25.5 | 32.4 | ||
| Living alone | Yes | 8.7 | 67.2 | <0.001 |
| No | 91.3 | 32.8 | ||
Data are presented as percentages.
NHI, National Health Insurance; MAP, Medical Aid Program.
P-values by chi-square test.