General characteristics of the study population by eating with others and eating alone per household type
| Variable | Living alone (n=599) | P-value | Living with others (n=1,905) | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eating with others | Eating alone | Eating with others | Eating alone | ||||
| Sex | Male | 22.8 | 22.9 | 0.981 | 47.6 | 31.8 | 0.001 |
| Female | 77.2 | 77.1 | 52.4 | 68.2 | |||
| Age (y) | ≥75 | 54.8 | 61.9 | 0.119 | 40.1 | 48.5 | 0.080 |
| 65–74 | 45.2 | 38.1 | 59.9 | 51.5 | |||
| Occupation | Employed | 28.6 | 25.6 | 0.515 | 31.1 | 20.7 | 0.015 |
| Unemployed | 71.4 | 74.4 | 68.9 | 79.3 | |||
| Alcohol consumption | Yes | 66.4 | 66.1 | 0.964 | 75.8 | 67.4 | 0.082 |
| No | 33.6 | 33.9 | 24.2 | 32.6 | |||
| Smoking | Yes | 24.4 | 24.2 | 0.971 | 37.9 | 31.8 | 0.208 |
| No | 75.6 | 75.8 | 62.1 | 68.2 | |||
| Chronic disease | Yes | 83.9 | 85.3 | 0.692 | 87.8 | 88.4 | 0.840 |
| No | 16.1 | 14.7 | 12.2 | 11.6 | |||
| Body mass index | ≥25 | 40.6 | 46.7 | 0.324 | 42.0 | 47.4 | 0.525 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 57.9 | 50.8 | 55.8 | 51.1 | |||
| <18.5 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 1.5 | |||
| Self-rated health | Bad | 33.4 | 44.4 | 0.013 | 31.4 | 39.9 | 0.068 |
| Good–Moderate | 66.6 | 55.6 | 68.6 | 60.1 | |||
| Aerobic exercise | No | 66.4 | 76.8 | 0.011 | 68.3 | 78.4 | 0.018 |
| Yes | 33.6 | 23.2 | 31.7 | 21.6 | |||
| Average sleep hours (d) | ≥7 hr | 63.1 | 61.3 | 0.706 | 66.7 | 51.1 | 0.001 |
| <7 hr | 36.9 | 38.7 | 33.3 | 48.9 | |||
| Insurance | NHI | 84.7 | 80.5 | 0.296 | 96.6 | 93.1 | 0.082 |
| MAP | 15.3 | 19.5 | 3.4 | 6.9 | |||
| Health screening | Yes | 78.3 | 66.7 | 0.006 | 74.1 | 69.4 | 0.269 |
| No | 21.7 | 33.3 | 25.9 | 30.6 | |||
Data are presented as percentages.
NHI, National Health Insurance; MAP, Medical Aid Program.
P-values by chi-square test.