Characteristics of the study subjects according to carotid atherosclerosis
Charateristic | Total (N=3,495) |
Normal carotid artery (n=1,650) |
Carotid atherosclerosis (n=1,845) |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 64±8.1 | 61±8.4 | 67±8.5 | <0.001 |
Sex, male | 2,040 (57.91) | 848 (51.39) | 1,174 (63.63) | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 163.7±8.5 | 163.6±8.7 | 163.8±8.3 | 0.498 |
Weight (kg) | 64.8±11.7 | 64.2±12.1 | 65.3±11.3 | 0.006 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24±3.1 | 23.8±3.2 | 24.2±3.0 | <lt;0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 86.3±9.2 | 85.1±9.3 | 87.3±9.0 | <0.001 |
Current smoking | 539 (15.42) | 256 (15.52) | 283 (15.34) | <0.001 |
Ex-smoking | 891 (25.49) | 357 (21.64) | 534 (28.94) | |
Heavy drinking | 587 (16.30) | 291 (17.64) | 296 (16.04) | 0.389 |
High physical activity | 710 (20.31) | 314 (19.03) | 396 (21.46) | 0.075 |
Diabetes mellitus | 761 (21.77) | 258 (15.64) | 503 (27.26) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 1,684 (48.18) | 606 (36.73) | 1,078 (58.43) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 1,974 (56.48) | 871 (52.79) | 1,103 (59.78) | <0.001 |
Osteoporosis | 338 (9.67) | 149 (9.03) | 189 (10.24) | 0.226 |
Chronic kidney disease | 66 (1.89) | 37 (2.24) | 29 (1.57) | 0.146 |
25(OH) vitamin D (ng/mL) | 22.8±8.2 | 22.6±8.2 | 23.1±8.1 | 0.237 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.3±0.3 | 9.33±0.3 | 9.31±0.3 | 0.234 |
Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.42±0.5 | 3.46±0.5 | 3.38±0.4 | <0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.85±0.18 | 0.83±0.17 | 0.87±0.19 | <0.001 |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.15±0.45 | 0.16±0.47 | 0.15±0.42 | 0.823 |
Seasonal measurement | 0.798 | |||
Spring (Mar to May) | 1,014 (28.73) | 461 (27.94) | 543 (29.43) | |
Summer (Jun to Aug) | 888 (25.41) | 421 (25.52) | 467 (25.31) | |
Fall (Sep to Nov) | 768 (21.97) | 367 (22.24) | 401 (21.73) | |
Winter (Dec to Feb) | 835 (23.89) | 401 (24.30) | 434 (23.52) |
Values are expressed as the means±standard deviation or numbers (%).
hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness.
aCarotid atherosclerosis was defined as the presence of carotid plaque or the increased mean CIMT value >0.9 mm at least one carotid artery.
P-values for categorical variables tested by chi-square and for continuous variable by t-test.