Basic characteristics of elderly subjects according to hand-grip strength groups (age≥60)
| Characteristic | Male (n=2,282) | Female (n=2,883) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weaker HGS group (n=691) |
Stronger HGS group (n=1,591) |
P-value | Weaker HGS group (n=1,054) | Stronger HGS group (n=1,829) |
P-value | ||
| Age (y) | 72.74±0.33 | 66.71±0.15 | <0.001 |
73.60±0.26 | 67.62±0.18 | <0.001 |
|
| Education (high school) | 237 (34.3) | 836 (52.6) | <0.001 |
121 (11.5) | 483 (26.4) | <0.001 |
|
| Marital status (married) | 681 (98.6) | 1,578 (99.2) | 0.220 | 387 (36.7) | 851 (46.5) | 0.384 | |
| Income (the lowest 25%) | 223 (32.4) | 330 (20.8) | <0.001 |
310 (29.4) | 437 (23.9) | 0.035 |
|
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.08±0.012 | 24.36±0.07 | <0.001 |
24.26±0.12 | 24.59±0.10 | <0.001 |
|
| Under weight | 45 (6.6) | 19 (1.2) | 59 (5.6) | 26 (1.4) | |||
| Normal weight | 434 (62.9) | 836 (52.6) | 607 (57.6) | 995 (54.4) | |||
| Over weight | 210 (30.4) | 735 (46.2) | 388 (36.8) | 836 (44.2) | |||
| Current smoking | 214 (31.1) | 442 (27.8) | 0.208 | 493 (46.8) | 946 (50.0) | 0.738 | |
| High-risk drinking | 158 (22.9) | 448 (28.2) | 0.116 | 17 (1.6) | 46 (2.5) | 0.428 | |
| Hypertension | 417 (60.4) | 867 (54.5) | 0.071 | 702 (66.6) | 977 (53.4) | <0.001 |
|
| Diabetes mellitus | 190 (27.6) | 374 (23.5) | 0.108 | 294 (27.9) | 359 (19.0) | <0.001 |
|
| Dyslipidemia | 400 (58.0) | 993 (62.4) | 0.064 | 700 (66.4) | 1,218 (66.6) | 0.915 | |
| Angina | 36 (5.3) | 97 (6.1) | 0.464 | 7 (4) | 66 (3.6) | 0.668 | |
| Strength exercise (≥2 times/wk) | 117 (17.0) | 522 (32.8) | <0.001 |
66 (6.3) | 260 (14.2) | <0.001 |
|
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 84.51±0.96 | 85.41±0.55 | 0.874 | 85.35±0.82 | 88.43±0.60 | 0.021 |
|
| Subgroup 1 (≥90) | 254 (36.9) | 622 (39.1) | 0.015 |
424 (40.2) | 799 (43.7) | <0.001 |
|
| Subgroup 2 (60 to <90) | 371 (53.7) | 836 (55.7) | 521 (49.4) | 904 (49.4) | |||
| Subgroup 3 (45 to <60) | 50 (7.3) | 65 (4.1) | 76 (7.2) | 66 (3.6) | |||
| Subgroup 4 (<45) | 14 (2.1) | 18 (1.1) | 34 (3.2) | 22 (1.2) | |||
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation for continuous variables or number (%) for categorical variables.
Diabetes mellitus: fasting blood glucose (>8 h) ≥126 or diagnosis and current usage of drug or insulin injection, High-risk drinking: drinking more than twice a week and at least 7 cups at a time in males and at least 5 cups at a time in females, Hypertension: current usage of antihypertensive drug or ≥140 mmHg systolic blood pressure, or ≥90 mmHg diastolic blood pressure, Dyslipidemia: diagnosis and current usage of drug, or total cholesterol ≥240, or triglyceride ≥200, or high density lipoprotein cholesterol <40, or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥160.
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HGS, hand-grip strength; BMI, body mass index.
P-value by independent t-test for continuous variables and by χ2-test for categorical variable.
aP<0.05, bP<0.01.