Energy and nutrient intakes of subjects according to the meal frequency
Variable | 3MRD | 2MRD | 1MRD | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n=3,036) | 2,070 | 852 | 114 | |
Energy intake (kcal) |
2,104.71±24.49 | 1,856.50±31.82 | 1,614.90±101.40 | <0.001 |
Water (g) | 752.04±10.25 | 726.94±15.30 | 720.41±34.63 | 0.338 |
Dietary fiber (g) |
19.80±0.26 | 18.60±0.41 | 17.97±0.86 | 0.014 |
Carbohydrates (g) |
303.72±1.57 | 293.63±2.73 | 288.57±6.11 | 0.001 |
Protein (g) | 72.35±0.64 | 72.05±0.82 | 73.52±2.82 | 0.852 |
Fat (g) |
53.22±0.58 | 57.19±1.03 | 59.89±2.00 | <0.001 |
Saturated Fat (g) | 19.11±0.28 | 20.02±0.42 | 21.40±1.09 | 0.052 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 271.66±6.70 | 261.07±6.44 | 277.30±20.77 | 0.436 |
Total sugars (g) | 69.79±1.03 | 70.45±1.63 | 73.36±3.59 | 0.640 |
Sodium (mg) | 2,864.72±33.10 | 2,854.97±51.36 | 3,002.91±119.29 | 0.504 |
Potassium (mg) |
2,387.18±22.04 | 2,198.05±29.01 | 2,279.29±79.94 | <0.001 |
Calcium (mg) |
529.19±7.95 | 507.14±11.22 | 467.04±21.64 | 0.021 |
Phosphorous (mg) |
1,058.83±8.43 | 1,004.84±11.04 | 989.10±22.50 | <0.001 |
Iron (mg) |
10.80±0.14 | 9.94±0.18 | 9.50±0.44 | <0.001 |
Vitamin A (μgRE) |
377.65±9.48 | 331.27±10.18 | 343.96±22.63 | 0.004 |
Beta-carotene (μg) |
1,878.30±43.68 | 1,670.58±57.06 | 1,840.20±168.41 | 0.009 |
Retinol (μg) |
220.28±8.70 | 191.24±9.08 | 188.88±18.56 | 0.048 |
Thiamine (mg) |
1.37±0.02 | 1.27±0.02 | 1.18±0.05 | <0.001 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 1.63±0.02 | 1.62±0.03 | 1.58±0.06 | 0.735 |
Niacin (mg) | 12.09±0.14 | 12.01±0.22 | 12.19±0.63 | 0.936 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 59.79±1.82 | 53.10±2.79 | 71.90±11.76 | 0.080 |
Values are presented as estimated mean±standard error adjusted with age, sex, and energy intake.
MRD, meals regular diet.
aAdjusted with age and sex.
P-values are obtained by general linear model analysis in complex sample design. *Signifies P<0.05. **Signifies P<0.01.