Characteristics of urine examination and family history
| Variable | Normal (n=15,670) | Hypertension (n=7,500) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urine test | |||
| Urine pH | 5.81±0.78 | 5.88±0.84 | <0.001 |
| Urine nitrite | 286 (1.83) | 269 (3.59) | <0.001 |
| Urine specific gravity | 1.020±0.007 | 1.018±0.006 | <0.001 |
| Urine creatinine (mg/dL) | 158.89±86.66 | 129.87±73.44 | <0.001 |
| Urine natrium (mmol/L) | 112.00±48.72 | 115.52±46.72 | <0.001 |
| Urine kalium (mmol/L) | 50.64±23.56 | 51.85±23.29 | 0.002 |
| Dipstick test |
|||
| Urine protein | 0.16±0.43 | 0.26±0.64 | <0.001 |
| Urine glucose | 0.08±0.53 | 0.23±0.88 | <0.001 |
| Urine ketone | 0.08±0.41 | 0.05±0.27 | <0.001 |
| Urine bilirubin | 0.09±0.42 | 0.07±0.37 | <0.001 |
| Urine blood | 0.42±0.95 | 0.42±0.86 | <0.001 |
| Urine urobilinogen | 0.02±0.16 | 0.01±0.16 | 0.194 |
| Respiratory symptom | |||
| Cough | 232 (1.48) | 230 (3.07) | <0.001 |
| Sputum | 364 (2.32) | 345 (4.60) | <0.001 |
| Family medical history | |||
| Chronic disease |
9,269 (59.15) | 4,675 (62.33) | <0.001 |
| Paternal diabetes | 1,676 (10.70) | 449 (5.99) | <0.001 |
| Maternal diabetes | 1,726 (11.01) | 729 (9.72) | 0.395 |
| Fraternal diabetes | 933 (5.95) | 794 (10.59) | <0.001 |
| Paternal hyperlipidemia | 412 (2.63) | 94 (1.25) | <0.001 |
| Maternal hyperlipidemia | 756 (4.82) | 195 (2.60) | <0.001 |
| Fraternal hyperlipidemia | 277 (1.77) | 152 (2.03) | 0.048 |
| Paternal stroke | 835 (5.33) | 608 (8.11) | <0.001 |
| Maternal stroke | 593 (3.78) | 565 (7.53) | <0.001 |
| Fraternal stroke | 176 (1.12) | 241 (3.21) | <0.001 |
| Paternal hepatitis | 134 (0.86) | 22 (0.29) | <0.001 |
| Maternal hepatitis | 149 (0.95) | 34 (0.45) | <0.001 |
| Fraternal hepatitis | 176 (1.12) | 60 (0.8) | 0.076 |
| Paternal hypertension | 2,927 (18.68) | 1,351 (18.01) | 0.014 |
| Maternal hypertension | 3,338 (21.30) | 1,978 (26.37) | <0.001 |
| Fraternal hypertension | 1,077 (6.87) | 1,716 (22.88) | <0.001 |
Values are represented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
aP-values were derived from χ2 test or Mann–Whitney U test. b0: -, 1: ±, 2: +, 3: ++, 4: +++, 5: ++++. cChronic disease: Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, Hepatitis B.