Clinical and biochemical characteristics of study participants
| Characteristic | Study participant | Young reference group | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n=19,753) | Male (n=12,744) | Female (n=7,009) | P-value | Overall (n=3,012) | Male (n=1,341) | Female (n=1,671) | P-value | ||
| Age (y) | 55.35±5.37 | 55.32±5.19 | 55.41±5.70 | 0.290 | 26.63±2.37 | 27.04±2.39 | 26.31±2.30 | <0.001 | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥25) (kg/m2) | 6,596 (33.39) | 4,714 (36.99) | 1,882 (26.85) | <0.001 | 820 (27.22) | 524 (39.08) | 296 (17.71) | <0.001 | |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 127.27±18.92 | 128.42±16.45 | 125.18±22.60 | <0.001 | 118.86±14.77 | 125.66±14.28 | 113.40±12.75 | <0.001 | |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.73±10.99 | 77.15±10.71 | 75.95±11.44 | <0.001 | 70.46±9.95 | 72.43±10.24 | 65.88±9.43 | <0.001 | |
| hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 1.12±3.05 | 1.17±3.24 | 1.03±2.65 | 0.002 | 1.17±3.34 | 1.28±3.63 | 1.08±3.08 | 0.101 | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 102.16±20.76 | 103.92±21.05 | 98.98±19.82 | <0.001 | 89.17±8.99 | 90.59±8.70 | 88.03±9.06 | <0.001 | |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.85±0.74 | 5.86±0.75 | 5.82±0.70 | <0.001 | 5.32±0.33 | 5.35±0.34 | 5.30±0.32 | <0.001 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196.84±41.51 | 192.99±41.40 | 203.84±40.78 | <0.001 | 181.37±30.99 | 185.19±31.84 | 178.30±29.95 | <0.001 | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 125.38±89.56 | 135.57±98.91 | 106.84±65.46 | <0.001 | 93.93±62.12 | 112.79±72.29 | 78.80±47.44 | <0.001 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 59.32±15.28 | 55.99±13.89 | 65.37±15.83 | <0.001 | 65.00±16.15 | 58.79±14.47 | 69.98±15.70 | <0.001 | |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 130.69±37.48 | 128.47±36.29 | 134.74±39.22 | <0.001 | 115.42±30.02 | 122.41±31.03 | 109.1±27.95 | <0.001 | |
| HTN | 4,392 (22.23) | 3,128 (24.54) | 1,264 (18.03) | <0.001 | - | - | - | - | |
| Dyslipidemia | 3,083 (15.61) | 2,018 (15.83) | 1,065 (15.19) | <0.001 | - | - | - | - | |
| DM | 1,789 (9.06) | 1,389 (10.90) | 400 (5.71) | <0.001 | - | - | - | - | |
| Smoking (current) | 3,399 (17.21) | 3,332 (26.15) | 67 (0.96) | <0.001 | 604 (20.05) | 463 (34.53) | 141 (8.44) | <0.001 | |
| Physical activity | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| None | 8,273 (41.88) | 4,625 (36.29) | 3,648 (52.05) | 1,564 (51.93) | 554 (41.31) | 1,020 (61.04) | |||
| ≤Twice per week | 4,511 (22.84) | 3,589 (28.16) | 922 (13.15) | 732 (24.30) | 387 (28.86) | 345 (20.65) | |||
| ≥3 times per week | 5,397 (27.32) | 3,657 (28.70) | 1,740 (24.83) | 690 (22.91) | 397 (29.60) | 293 (17.53) | |||
| ASM (kg) | 20.27±4.75 | 22.97±3.49 | 15.37±2.07 | <0.001 | 19.73±5.19 | 24.68±3.14 | 15.75±2.28 | <0.001 | |
| SMI (%) |
30.56±3.77 | 32.69±2.46 | 26.71±2.44 | <0.001 | 30.19±3.80 | 33.00±3.00 | 27.93±2.73 | <0.001 | |
| HRV parameter | |||||||||
| HR (bpm) | 62.13±10.04 | 61.80±10.15 | 62.76±9.81 | <0.001 | 66.11±9.87 | 64.59±10.19 | 67.25±9.48 | <0.001 | |
| SDNN (msec) | 35.53±18.53 | 35.81±19.22 | 34.99±17.15 | 0.012 | 48.87±21.32 | 49.94±22.55 | 48.08±20.32 | 0.026 | |
| RMSSD (msec) | 28.99±21.39 | 28.15±21.71 | 31.58±20.70 | <0.001 | 47.22±27.67 | 45.42±28.12 | 48.56±27.26 | 0.004 | |
| TP (msec2) | 1,066.43±1,712.28 | 1,103.50±129.03 | 996.93±1,466.25 | <0.001 | 1,896.68±2,010.87 | 1,979.37±2,078.94 | 1,835.17±1,957.12 | 0.067 | |
| LF (msec2) | 274.97±542.81 | 294.70±562.16 | 237.99±502.50 | <0.001 | 518.90±680.24 | 591.66±738.30 | 464.78±628.43 | <0.001 | |
| HF (msec2) | 218.82±353.15 | 204.39±353.26 | 248.89±351.38 | <0.001 | 601.84±675.99 | 536.97±653.02 | 650.10±688.84 | <0.001 | |
| LF/HF ratio | 2.02±2.70 | 2.33±2.97 | 1.46±1.97 | <0.001 | 1.44±1.79 | 1.85±2.11 | 1.13±1.43 | <0.001 | |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%) by descriptive analysis, frequency analysis.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; hs-CRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; HRV, heart rate variability; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal interval; RMSSD, root mean square of successive normal-to-normal interval differences; TP, total power; LF, low frequency; HF, high frequency.
aASM (kg)/body weight (kg)×100.
P-values were calculated using the independent t-test or Pearson’s chi-square test.