Clinical and biochemical characteristics according to SMI (normal, Class I, and Class II)
| Characteristic | Male | Female | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n=12,744) |
Normal (n=11,139) |
Class I (n=1,495) |
Class II (n=110) |
P-value | Overall (n=7,009) |
Normal (n=5,161) |
Class I (n=1,573) |
Class II (n=275) |
P-value | ||
| Age (y) | 55.32±5.18 | 55.14±4.93 | 56.58±6.45 | 56.64±7.87 | <0.001 | 55.41±5.70 | 54.67±5.03 | 57.27±6.66 | 58.65±7.72 | <0.001 | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥25) (kg/m2) | 4,712 (36.98) | 3,393 (30.47) | 1,217 (81.40) | 102 (92.73) | <0.001 | 1,882 (26.85) | 759 (14.71) | 885 (56.26) | 238 (86.55) | <0.001 | |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 128.41±16.45 | 127.90±16.39 | 131.75±16.35 | 134.92±17.23 | <0.001 | 125.18±22.60 | 123.18±23.84 | 130.28±17.71 | 133.46±16.25 | <0.001 | |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77.15±10.71 | 76.87±10.69 | 79.01±10.74 | 79.79±9.94 | <0.001 | 75.95±11.44 | 74.98±11.29 | 78.45±11.52 | 79.95±10.73 | <0.001 | |
| hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 1.17±3.25 | 1.12±3.16 | 1.44±2.32 | 3.46±11.23 | <0.001 | 1.03±2.65 | 0.84±2.02 | 1.45±3.97 | 2.19±3.17 | <0.001 | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 103.92±21.06 | 102.84±19.84 | 111.11±26.55 | 115.51±31.67 | <0.001 | 98.98±19.82 | 97.22±17.48 | 103.25±24.42 | 107.49±25.06 | <0.001 | |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.86±0.75 | 5.82±0.71 | 6.13±0.93 | 6.29±1.06 | <0.001 | 5.82±0.70 | 5.76±0.64 | 5.95±0.83 | 6.08±0.80 | <0.001 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 193.00±41.40 | 193.21±37.06 | 191.91±65.22 | 186.93±41.04 | 0.158 | 203.84±40.78 | 203.22±40.19 | 206.56±42.29 | 202.12±42.37 | 0.010 | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 135.57±98.91 | 132.30±98.15 | 157.70±101.72 | 165.85±94.31 | <0.001 | 106.84±65.46 | 102.55±63.41 | 118.92±69.64 | 118.32±68.76 | <0.001 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 55.99±13.88 | 56.58±14.02 | 51.95±12.21 | 50.87±10.40 | <0.001 | 65.37±15.83 | 66.28±16.07 | 63.00±15.04 | 61.94±13.60 | <0.001 | |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 128.48±36.29 | 128.73±35.77 | 126.95±39.73 | 123.0±38.72 | 0.060 | 134.74±39.22 | 133.73±38.07 | 138.26±42.23 | 133.70±41.65 | <0.001 | |
| HTN | 3,126 (25.18) | 2,463 (22.64) | 607 (42.30) | 56 (56.57) | <0.001 | 1,264 (18.59) | 715 (14.25) | 431 (28.45) | 118 (44.19) | <0.001 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 2,017 (35.93) | 1,678 (34.71) | 316 (43.59) | 23 (43.40) | <0.001 | 1,065 (30.07) | 706 (28.32) | 291 (32.73) | 68 (42.50) | <0.001 | |
| DM | 1,389 (11.27) | 1,119 (10.35) | 250 (17.67) | 20 (20.20) | <0.001 | 400 (5.95) | 239 (4.81) | 129 (8.61) | 32 (12.40) | <0.001 | |
| Smoking (current) | 3,331 (29.84) | 2,922 (29.90) | 389 (29.76) | 20 (23.53) | 0.441 | 67 (1.10) | 46 (1.01) | 18 (1.37) | 3 (1.31) | 0.440 | |
| Physical activity | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| None | 4,625 (38.97) | 3,970 (38.13) | 608 (44.67) | 47 (48.96) | 3,648 (57.81) | 2,652 (56.09) | 840 (62.04) | 156 (68.42) | |||
| ≤Twice per week | 3,588 (30.23) | 3,155 (30.30) | 405 (29.76) | 28 (29.17) | 922 (14.61) | 710 (15.02) | 184 (13.59) | 28 (12.28) | |||
| ≥3 times per week | 3,656 (30.80) | 3,287 (31.57) | 348 (25.57) | 21 (21.88) | 1,740 (27.58) | 1,366 (28.89) | 330 (24.37) | 44 (19.30) | |||
| ASM (kg) | 22.94±2.76 | 23.06±2.71 | 22.10±2.90 | 21.75±3.39 | <0.001 | 15.37±2.07 | 15.62±1.98 | 14.70±2.09 | 14.49±2.42 | <0.001 | |
| SMI (%) |
32.69±2.46 | 33.24±2.08 | 29.03±0.74 | 26.07±0.90 | <0.001 | 26.71±2.44 | 27.77±1.80 | 24.13±0.73 | 21.44±0.95 | <0.001 | |
| HRV parameter | |||||||||||
| HR (bpm) | 61.80±10.15 | 61.23±9.96 | 65.75±10.31 | 71.68±11.93 | <0.001 | 62.76±9.81 | 61.78±9.14 | 65.41±11.15 | 67.64±10.56 | <0.001 | |
| SDNN (msec) | 35.81±19.23 | 36.20±19.37 | 32.90±17.93 | 32.40±15.92 | <0.001 | 34.99±17.15 | 35.98±17.43 | 32.42±16.18 | 29.61±13.79 | <0.001 | |
| RMSSD (msec) | 28.15±21.71 | 28.69±21.97 | 24.13±19.27 | 22.07±16.38 | <0.001 | 30.58±20.70 | 31.99±21.34 | 26.90±18.28 | 22.74±15.84 | <0.001 | |
| TP (msec2) | 1,103.76±1,829.26 | 1,132.81±1,879.66 | 885.15±1,394.11 | 823.21±836.56 | <0.001 | 996.93±1,466.24 | 1,043.34±1,518.98 | 880.23±1,331.83 | 713.99±937.98 | <0.001 | |
| LF (msec2) | 294.78±562.23 | 304.71±584.88 | 216.98±332.88 | 239.84±323.32 | <0.001 | 237.99±502.50 | 250.52±528.67 | 208.59±433.14 | 148.99±234.86 | 0.003 | |
| HF (msec2) | 204.43±353.31 | 211.91±365.24 | 147.82±231.53 | 136.35±284.65 | <0.001 | 245.89±351.38 | 264.63±368.25 | 196.09±297.67 | 147.57±210.73 | <0.001 | |
| LF/HF ratio | 2.33±2.97 | 2.28±2.92 | 2.59±3.17 | 4.14±4.66 | <0.001 | 1.46±1.97 | 1.39±1.90 | 1.62±2.01 | 2.03±2.83 | <0.001 | |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or unweighted number (weighted %) by descriptive analysis, frequency analysis.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; hs-CRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; HRV, heart rate variability; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal interval; RMSSD, root mean square of successive NN interval differences; TP, total power; LF, low frequency; HF, high frequency.
aASM (kg)/body weight (kg)×100.
P-values were calculated using Kruskal–Wallis test, Pearson’s chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test.
Cutoff-value; male: 27.00; 30.00, female:22.47; 25.20.