General characteristics of subject
| Characteristic | Total (n=1,715) | Normal (n=1,471) | Anemia (n=244) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.031 | |||
| Male | 816 (46.4) | 711 (47.6) | 105 (39.5) | |
| Female | 899 (53.6) | 760 (52.4) | 139 (60.5) | |
| Age (y) | <0.001 | |||
| 65–69 | 505 (30.1) | 467 (32.6) | 38 (15.8) | |
| 70–74 | 471 (25.1) | 423 (26.6) | 48 (16.3) | |
| 75–79 | 431 (25.7) | 355 (24.6) | 76 (32.4) | |
| ≥80 | 308 (19.1) | 226 (16.2) | 82 (35.4) | |
| Education | 0.110 | |||
| Under elementary | 993 (56.7) | 829 (55.2) | 164 (65.1) | |
| Middle | 269 (15.7) | 240 (16.2) | 29 (12.9) | |
| High | 282 (17.0) | 250 (17.5) | 32 (14.2) | |
| College or higher | 171 (10.6) | 152 (11.1) | 19 (7.8) | |
| Smoking | 0.400 | |||
| Non-smoker | 1,021 (61.0) | 871 (60.3) | 150 (65.1) | |
| Ex-smoker | 520 (29.3) | 449 (29.7) | 71 (27.1) | |
| Current smoker | 174 (9.7) | 151 (10.1) | 23 (7.8) | |
| Alcohol | <0.001 | |||
| Non-drinker | 1,098 (64.1) | 919 (61.8) | 179 (77.0) | |
| Drinker | 617 (35.9) | 552 (38.2) | 65 (23.0) | |
| BMI | 0.013 | |||
| Underweight | 46 (2.8) | 35 (2.4) | 11 (4.9) | |
| Normal | 716 (42.0) | 587 (40.8) | 129 (48.5) | |
| Overweight | 470 (28.7) | 414 (28.8) | 56 (28.0) | |
| Obese | 483 (26.5) | 435 (27.9) | 48 (18.6) | |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 887 (52.0) | 738 (50.1) | 149 (62.8) | 0.002 |
| Dyslipidemia | 419 (24.0) | 366 (24.2) | 53 (22.6) | 0.585 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 373 (21.1) | 289 (18.6) | 84 (35.7) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 92 (5.6) | 74 (5.5) | 18 (6.4) | 0.415 |
| CVA | 129 (7.0) | 107 (6.8) | 22 (8.2) | 0.390 |
| Osteoporosis | 345 (20.3) | 296 (19.8) | 49 (23.0) | 0.520 |
| Frailty | <0.001 | |||
| Robust | 504 (30.1) | 455 (31.7) | 49 (21.3) | |
| Pre-frail | 899 (52.2) | 778 (52.6) | 121 (50.0) | |
| Frail | 312 (17.6) | 238 (15.7) | 74 (28.7) | |
| Nutrient intake insufficiency | ||||
| Energy | 951 (56.4) | 795 (54.9) | 156 (65.4) | 0.027 |
| Protein | 572 (33.3) | 462 (31.0) | 110 (46.6) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate | 30 (2.2) | 25 (2.1) | 5 (2.9) | 0.773 |
| Iron | 244 (14.1) | 198 (13.2) | 46 (19.4) | 0.121 |
| Vitamin C | 1,208 (69.7) | 1,024 (69.0) | 184 (74.0) | 0.237 |
Values are presented as unweighted number (weighted %).
BMI, body mass index; CVA, cerebrovascular accident.
Drinking: drinking more than once in a year; Smoking: non-smoker, never smoked in a lifetime; ex-smoker, smoking in the past, but not in the present; current smoker, daily or occasionally smoking; BMI: underweight, under 18.5 kg/m2; normal, more than 18.5 kg/m2 and under 23 kg/m2; overweight, more than 23 kg/m2 and under 25 kg/m2; obesity, over 25 kg/m2; Nutrient intake: calculated by daily nutrient intake through a 24-hour food intake survey based on recall data.