Related factors associated with increased risk of anemia
| Characteristic | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR | 95% CI | P–value | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P–value | ||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Female | 1.39 | 1.03–1.88 | 0.031 | 1.12 | 0.70–1.80 | 0.630 | |
| Age (y) | |||||||
| 65–69 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 70–74 | 1.26 | 0.74–2.15 | 0.391 | 1.14 | 0.66–1.95 | 0.645 | |
| 75–79 | 2.72 | 1.64–4.51 | <0.001 | 2.10 | 1.25–3.54 | 0.006 | |
| ≥80 | 4.49 | 2.71–7.44 | <0.001 | 3.37 | 1.96–5.79 | <0.001 | |
| Education | |||||||
| College or higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| High | 1.16 | 0.57–2.33 | 0.683 | 1.04 | 0.51–2.12 | 0.905 | |
| Middle | 1.14 | 0.56–2.31 | 0.721 | 1.12 | 0.55–2.30 | 0.750 | |
| Under elementary | 1.68 | 0.94–3.01 | 0.082 | 1.20 | 0.67–2.17 | 0.539 | |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Non-smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Ex-smoker | 0.85 | 0.58–1.23 | 0.385 | 1.20 | 0.73–1.97 | 0.481 | |
| Current smoker | 0.72 | 0.42–1.23 | 0.229 | 0.96 | 0.46–1.97 | 0.902 | |
| Alcohol | |||||||
| Non-drinker | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Current drinker | 0.48 | 0.34–0.68 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.40–0.91 | 0.015 | |
| BMI | |||||||
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Underweight | 1.68 | 0.78–3.65 | 0.187 | 1.62 | 0.68–3.84 | 0.272 | |
| Overweight | 0.82 | 0.55–1.20 | 0.303 | 0.82 | 0.54–1.25 | 0.349 | |
| Obese | 0.56 | 0.37–0.85 | 0.007 | 0.42 | 0.26–0.68 | <0.001 | |
| Comorbidity | |||||||
| Hypertension | 0.72 | 0.24–2.13 | 0.554 | 0.74 | 0.90–1.85 | 0.522 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.09 | 0.50–2.36 | 0.831 | 1.08 | 0.49–2.40 | 0.842 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.02 | 0.14–7.16 | 0.987 | 1.24 | 0.14–11.33 | 0.846 | |
| Stroke | 1.18 | 0.65–2.16 | 0.586 | 0.92 | 0.50–1.70 | 0.786 | |
| CVA | 0.58 | 0.14–2.50 | 0.463 | 0.40 | 0.08–1.95 | 0.254 | |
| Osteoporosis | 1.03 | 0.47–2.28 | 0.940 | 0.83 | 0.36–1.93 | 0.667 | |
| Frailty | |||||||
| Robust | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Pre-frail | 1.41 | 0.94–2.12 | 0.096 | 1.07 | 0.71–1.60 | 0.755 | |
| Frail | 2.71 | 1.72–4.29 | <0.001 | 1.92 | 1.17–3.16 | 0.010 | |
| Nutrient intake insufficiency | |||||||
| Energy | 1.67 | 1.19–2.36 | 0.003 | 1.37 | 0.95–1.97 | 0.090 | |
| Protein | 2.17 | 1.59–2.96 | <0.001 | 1.67 | 1.18–2.35 | 0.004 | |
| Carbohydrate | 1.44 | 0.48–4.32 | 0.517 | 1.22 | 0.39–3.87 | 0.734 | |
| Iron | 1.57 | 1.00–2.47 | 0.049 | 1.17 | 0.73–1.90 | 0.513 | |
| Vitamin C | 1.51 | 0.95–2.39 | 0.081 | 1.25 | 0.77–2.02 | 0.365 | |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; CVA, cerebrovascular accident.
Model 1 was non-adjusted. Model 2 was adjusted by age, sex, educational status, life-style factors (including smoking and alcohol consumption), BMI, and co-morbidity.