Differences in variables according to MMD groups in malesa
| Variable | Group 1 (n=362) | Group 2 (n=1,163) | Group 3 (n=1,108) | Group 4 (n=1,116) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 40.4±10.6 | 43.6±10.7 | 45.2±11.0 | 45.1±12.0 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.3±0.6 | 22.0±0.7 | 21.5±1.0 | 20.1±1.5 | <0.001 |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 54.8±4.2 | 51.0±3.5 | 48.3±3.6 | 45.4±4.1 | <0.001 |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 9.8±2.1 | 11.6±2.3 | 12.6±2.8 | 11.9±3.7 | <0.001 |
| MMD (kg) | 0±0 | 1.8±0.8 | 4.2±0.7 | 7.7±2.0 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 77.8±4.7 | 78.2±4.6 | 77.9±4.9 | 75.4±5.7 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123.1±12.0 | 122.2±12.6 | 122.5±13.4 | 121.3±13.2 | 0.040 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.6±8.9 | 74.6±9.6 | 74.9±10.0 | 74.2±10.0 | 0.417 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 180.4±30.1 | 185.1±31.9 | 187.8±31.9 | 186.1±32.4 | 0.002 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 93.6±49.1 | 109.8±62.6 | 114.0±65.5 | 111.9±67.5 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 55.3±11.7 | 53.0±12.0 | 52.9±12.5 | 54.8±13.4 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 110.1±29.0 | 115.6±30.4 | 118.6±31.0 | 115.6±31.9 | <0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 25.4±12.0 | 26.2±31.2 | 25.7±17.6 | 25.5±16.1 | 0.864 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 24.6±18.6 | 26.3±56.4 | 25.1±14.5 | 24.9±16.1 | 0.740 |
| γ-GTP (IU/L) | 28.8±26.9 | 35.5±91.8 | 33.8±41.0 | 39.9±72.7 | 0.035 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 85.9±7.9 | 86.8±8.8 | 87.2±9.2 | 86.6±9.2 | 0.090 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.3±0.3 | 5.3±0.3 | 5.3±0.3 | 5.3±0.3 | 0.583 |
| hsCRP >0.2 mg/dL (%) | 14 (4.6) | 80 (8.0) | 109 (11.2) | 87 (8.9) | 0.003 |
| HOMA-IR ≥2.5 (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.1) | 6 (3.4) | 11 (5.4) | 0.069 |
| Current smoking (%) | 139 (38.4) | 408 (35.1) | 364 (32.9) | 401 (35.9) | 0.211 |
| Regular exercise (%) | 236 (65.2) | 689 (59.2) | 566 (51.1) | 576 (51.6) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking (%) | 214 (59.1) | 693 (59.6) | 603 (54.4) | 596 (53.4) | 0.009 |
| Fatty liver (%) | 52 (14.4) | 254 (21.8) | 271 (24.5) | 222 (19.9) | <0.001 |
MMD, muscle mass deficit; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; γ-GTP, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
aGroup 1 is defined as MMD=0 kg; Group 2 is defined as 0 kg
*P-value by ANOVA for continuous variables and by cross-tabulation for categorical variables.