Baseline characteristics
| Variable | Male (n=154) | Female (n=71) | Total (n=225) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 11.33±1.53 | 11.41±1.83 | 11.36±1.62 | 0.745 |
| Height (cm) | 156.91±10.92 | 155.03±9.34 | 156.31±10.46 | 0.211 |
| Weight (kg) | 71.04±16.94 | 67.41±16.90 | 69.89±16.97 | 0.136 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.44±3.61 | 27.71±4.5 | 28.21±3.94 | 0.199 |
| BMI z-score | 2.63±0.78 | 2.66±0.98 | 2.64±0.85 | 0.817 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 88.61±9.95 | 82.38±12.45 | 86.65±11.16 | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 98.40±8.60 | 98.43±11.46 | 98.41±9.57 | 0.985 |
| Waist Ht ratio | 0.56±0.05 | 0.53±0.07 | 0.55±0.06 | <0.001 |
| Tanner stage | 0.053 | |||
| Prepuberty (stage 1) | 42 (27.3) | 11 (15.5) | 53 (23.6) | |
| Puberty (≥stage 2) | 112 (72.7) | 60 (84.5) | 172 (76.4) | |
| Acanthosis nigricans | 0.612 | |||
| Grade 0 | 75 (48.7) | 32 (45.1) | 107 (47.6) | |
| Grade ≥1 | 79 (51.3) | 39 (54.9) | 118 (52.4) | |
| AST (IU/L) | 30.53±1.68 | 22.05±1.61 | 27.66±1.70 | <0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 35.86±2.17 | 20.43±2.09 | 29.96±2.25 | <0.001 |
| γ-GT (IU/L) | 26.53±1.70 | 19.15±1.59 | 24.05±1.70 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (FPG) (mg/dL) | 92.48±1.11 | 92.13±1.14 | 92.76±1.12 | 0.814 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 21.98±1.78 | 21.33±1.74 | 21.76±1.77 | 0.713 |
| HOMA-IR | 5.02±1.82 | 4.85±1.85 | 4.95±1.82 | 0.697 |
| Hepatic fat | 17.64±11.61 | 11.83±10.14 | 15.81±11.47 | <0.001 |
| VAT (cm2) | 64.18±22.88 (n=153) |
54.18±21.91 | 61.01±23.00 | 0.002 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
P-values were calculated with independent t-test for continuous variables or Pearson’s chi-square test for discrete variables. Insulin, HOMA-IR, AST and ALT were log transformed because they were not normally distributed.
BMI, body mass index; Waist Ht ratio, waist height ratio; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; γ-GTP, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.