General characteristics of study participants
| Smoking status | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-smoker (n=144) | Ex-smoker (n=379) | Current smoker (n=227) | ||
| Age (y) | 57.1±9.4 | 57.0±7.6 | 53.6±7.9 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9±2.9 | 25.2±2.5 | 24.7±2.8 | 0.077 |
| AST (U/L) | 25.2±8.6 | 26.3±13.3 | 28.9±16.3 | 0.017 |
| ALT (U/L) | 26.8±16.0 | 27.4±15.0 | 32.1±21.9 | 0.002 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 96.8±18.8 | 97.9±19.2 | 100.4±26.9 | 0.241 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6±0.8 | 5.7±0.7 | 5.8±0.9 | 0.160 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 107.0±62.0 | 111.9±67.5 | 144.3±83.5 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 172.9±34.9 | 181.3±40.3 | 184.8±40.5 | 0.016 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51.5±13.5 | 53.5±11.8 | 50.7±11.9 | 0.019 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 116.6±31.3 | 121.8±37.5 | 123.9±38.2 | 0.166 |
| 25 hydroxy vitamin D (ng/mL) | 23.2±8.1 | 21.8±8.7 | 19.0±8.3 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 124.7±12.0 | 126.0±11.4 | 122.8±11.2 | 0.004 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77.9±9.5 | 78.0±8.2 | 77.1±8.9 | 0.433 |
| Lean body mass (kg) | 52.2±6.2 | 52.8±6.2 | 53.0±6.7 | 0.464 |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 26.3±5.2 | 26.8±4.9 | 26.0±5.6 | 0.156 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 86.3±7.4 | 86.8±7.2 | 86.1±6.8 | 0.526 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 82.0±28.5 | 85.3±25.5 | 83.3±28.7 | 0.416 |
| Marital status | 0.47 | |||
| Single | 11 (7.8) | 29 (7.8) | 18 (8.0) | |
| Married | 129 (91.5) | 340 (90.9) | 200 (88.9) | |
| Others | 1 (0.7) | 5 (1.3) | 7 (3.1) | |
| Education | 0.004 | |||
| Elementary | 15 (10.7) | 23 (6.1) | 12 (5.4) | |
| Middle | 10 (7.1) | 29 (7.7) | 18 (8.1) | |
| High | 28 (20.0) | 99 (26.5) | 67 (30.1) | |
| University | 55 (39.3) | 148 (39.6) | 104 (46.8) | |
| Graduate | 32 (22.9) | 75 (20.0) | 21 (9.5) | |
| Alcohol | <0.001 | |||
| Non-drinker | 38 (26.7) | 47 (12.6) | 27 (12.0) | |
| Ex-drinker | 7 (4.9) | 30 (8.0) | 7 (3.1) | |
| Drinker | 97 (68.3) | 295 (79.3) | 190 (84.8) | |
| Exercise | <0.001 | |||
| No | 68 (50.0) | 164 (45.0) | 138 (62.7) | |
| Yes | 68 (50.0) | 193 (54.0) | 82 (37.2) | |
| Late-onset hypogonadism | <0.001 | |||
| No | 42 (30.0) | 59 (20.0) | 19 (10.0) | |
| Yes | 102 (70.0) | 320 (80.0) | 208 (90.0) | |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
P-value was based on chi-square test for categorical variable or t-test for continuous variables.
BMI, body mass index; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; TG, triglyceride; HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.