Characteristics according to vitamin D of male study participants
| Variables | Categories | Vitamin D (ng/mL) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <15 | ≥15 and <20 | ≥20 | |||
| Age (y) | 65–69 | 38.2 (3.2) | 43.8 (3.3) | 40.6 (2.0) | 0.498 |
| 70–74 | 33.1 (3.2) | 33.2 (2.8) | 32.0 (1.8) | ||
| 75–79 | 18.1 (2.7) | 17.5 (2.2) | 19.5 (1.9) | ||
| ≥80 | 10.5 (2.2) | 5.5 (1.4) | 7.9 (1.0) | ||
| Education | ≤Middle school | 63.8 (3.4) | 60.7 (3.2) | 72.1 (2.2) | 0.020 |
| High school | 22.6 (2.8) | 23.2 (2.8) | 15.6 (1.6) | ||
| ≥College | 13.6 (2.5) | 16.2 (2.5) | 12.2 (1.9) | ||
| Income | Low | 20.1 (2.8) | 21.8 (2.7) | 25.9 (2.1) | 0.390 |
| Middle | 52.0 (3.5) | 54.1 (3.2) | 48.7 (2.4) | ||
| High | 27.9 (3.1) | 24.1 (2.7) | 25.4 (1.9) | ||
| Residential area | Urban | 79.6 (3.3) | 73.6 (3.4) | 58.1 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 20.4 (3.3) | 26.4 (3.4) | 41.9 (3.4) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Obesity | 28.3 (3.1) | 25.9 (2.8) | 22.2 (2.0) | 0.488 |
| Normal | 66.7 (3.5) | 69.0 (3.0) | 72.3 (2.0) | ||
| Low weight | 4.9 (1.5) | 5.1 (1.4) | 5.4 (1.0) | ||
| Hypercholesterolemia | Yes | 13.7 (2.8) | 11.6 (2.2) | 11.5 (1.3) | 0.703 |
| No | 86.3 (2.8) | 88.4 (2.2) | 88.5 (1.3) | ||
| Hypertriglyceridemia | Yes | 18.8 (2.8) | 21.3 (2.9) | 16.1 (1.6) | 0.223 |
| No | 81.2 (2.8) | 78.7 (2.9) | 83.9 (1.6) | ||
| Low HDL-cholesterol | Yes | 45.6 (3.4) | 37.4 (3.1) | 36.1 (1.9) | 0.034 |
| No | 54.4 (3.4) | 62.6 (3.1) | 63.9 (1.9) | ||
| Diabetes | Diabetes | 24.9 (2.7) | 22.2 (2.7) | 17.8 (1.6) | 0.138 |
| Impaired fasting glucose | 26.9 (2.8) | 26.8 (3.1) | 25.1 (1.9) | ||
| Normal | 48.2 (3.3) | 51.1 (3.4) | 57.0 (2.2) | ||
| Hypertension | Hypertension | 60.5 (3.3) | 60.0 (3.1) | 54.2 (2.3) | 0.122 |
| Prehypertension | 26.4 (3.0) | 22.6 (2.6) | 25.3 (1.9) | ||
| Normal | 13.1 (2.2) | 17.5 (2.5) | 20.6 (1.8) | ||
| Smoking | Current smoking | 53.5 (3.4) | 53.0 (3.2) | 55.2 (2.4) | 0.467 |
| Past smoked | 34.6 (3.1) | 29.9 (2.9) | 29.8 (2.4) | ||
| None | 11.9 (2.1) | 17.2 (2.5) | 15.0 (1.5) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | High-risk drinking | 7.7 (1.6) | 8.4 (1.8) | 10.3 (1.4) | 0.150 |
| Normal drinking | 47.2 (3.2) | 47.8 (3.5) | 53.3 (2.3) | ||
| None | 45.0 (3.2) | 43.8 (3.3) | 36.4 (2.3) | ||
| Physical activity | Yes | 26.9 (3.2) | 31.8 (2.9) | 34.6 (2.3) | 0.124 |
| No | 73.1 (3.2) | 68.2 (2.9) | 65.4 (2.3) | ||
Values are presented as percentage (standard error).
P-values are from Rao-Scott chi-squared test.
BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.