Characteristics according to vitamin D of female study participants
| Variables | Categories | Vitamin D (ng/mL) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <15 | ≥15 and <20 | ≥20 | |||
| Age (y) | 65–69 | 35.7 (2.2) | 33.4 (2.7) | 36.8 (2.4) | 0.805 |
| 70–74 | 28.5 (2.0) | 28.8 (2.2) | 30.6 (1.9) | ||
| 75–79 | 22.8 (2.1) | 25.4 (2.6) | 21.9 (2.0) | ||
| ≥80 | 13.0 (1.5) | 12.4 (2.0) | 10.7 (1.9) | ||
| Education | ≤Middle school | 93.2 (1.4) | 94.7 (1.2) | 92.2 (1.2) | 0.504 |
| High school | 5.9 (1.3) | 3.9 (1.0) | 6.0 (1.0) | ||
| ≥College | 0.9 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.8 (0.6) | ||
| Income | Low | 22.8 (2.0) | 22.6 (2.5) | 27.6 (2.3) | 0.456 |
| Middle | 50.5 (2.4) | 51.7 (2.8) | 48.4 (2.4) | ||
| High | 26.7 (2.4) | 25.7 (2.6) | 24.0 (2.0) | ||
| Residential area | Urban | 74.1 (3.0) | 62.4 (3.9) | 56.6 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 25.9 (3.0) | 37.6 (3.9) | 43.4 (3.5) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Obesity | 42.3 (2.4) | 35.4 (2.5) | 35.9 (2.2) | 0.027 |
| Normal | 54.0 (2.3) | 62.3 (2.5) | 58.9 (2.1) | ||
| Low weight | 3.7 (0.8) | 2.3 (0.7) | 5.2 (1.2) | ||
| Hypercholesterolemia | Yes | 24.0 (1.9) | 22.8 (2.4) | 23.0 (1.9) | 0.900 |
| No | 76.0 (1.9) | 77.2 (2.4) | 77.0 (1.9) | ||
| Hypertriglyceridemia | Yes | 21.6 (1.8) | 20.2 (2.5) | 18.1 (1.9) | 0.440 |
| No | 78.4 (1.8) | 79.8 (2.5) | 81.9 (1.9) | ||
| Low HDL-cholesterol | Yes | 33.4 (2.3) | 29.6 (2.7) | 28.3 (2.1) | 0.244 |
| No | 66.6 (2.3) | 70.4 (2.7) | 71.7 (2.1) | ||
| Diabetes | Diabetes | 21.2 (1.8) | 24.7 (2.6) | 19.4 (2.0) | 0.116 |
| Impaired fasting glucose | 25.9 (2.1) | 22.6 (2.4) | 20.5 (2.0) | ||
| Normal | 52.9 (2.4) | 52.7 (3.2) | 60.1 (2.4) | ||
| Hypertension | Hypertension | 70.5 (2.1) | 64.6 (2.8) | 66.0 (2.3) | 0.353 |
| Prehypertension | 19.0 (1.8) | 23.2 (2.4) | 20.8 (1.9) | ||
| Normal | 10.5 (1.4) | 12.2 (1.7) | 13.2 (1.5) | ||
| Smoking | Current smoking | 10.4 (1.3) | 9.6 (1.8) | 7.9 (1.3) | 0.547 |
| Past smoked | 3.0 (1.0) | 2.8 (1.3) | 1.6 (0.7) | ||
| None | 86.6 (1.6) | 87.6 (2.0) | 90.5 (1.4) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | High-risk drinking | 0.4 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.340 |
| Normal drinking | 15.1 (1.7) | 14.0 (1.7) | 18.2 (1.9) | ||
| None | 84.4 (1.7) | 84.8 (1.8) | 80.9 (1.9) | ||
| Physical activity | Yes | 21.4 (1.8) | 27.0 (2.5) | 31.3 (2.3) | 0.002 |
| No | 78.6 (1.8) | 73.0 (2.5) | 68.7 (2.3) | ||
Values are presented as percentage (standard error).
P-values are from Rao-Scott chi-squared test.
BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.